Table 2.

Components in bovine milk and their chances to be modified according to feeding strategies, substrates involved in their synthesis and feeding strategies that may be used

Milk component	Possibility for modification1	Substrates involved in synthesis	Feeding strategies
Fat	Moderate	↓Acetic-and butyric acid for de novo synthesis	High intake and proportion of concentrates
		↓Long unsaturated FA	High intake and proportion of unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids	Minor to moderate	↓Acetic-and butyric acid for de novo synthesis.	Low intake and proportion of roughages
		↓Long saturated FA	Low proportion saturated/unsaturated fatty acids
Oleic acid	Moderate	↑Oleic acid	High intake/proportion of oilic acid
		↑Stearic acid	High intake/proportion of stearic acid
		↑Stearic acid	High intake/proportion of polyunsaturated C18-acids Pasture
CLA	Considerable	↑CLA	High intake/proportion of linoleic acid.
		↑Vaccenic acid	High intake/proportion of unsaturated FA. Pasture
Vaccenic acid	Considerable	↓Vaccenic acid	Low intake of oleic- and linolenic acid
Ratio omega 6/3	Moderate	↓Omega 6:3 FA	High intake/proportion of linolenic acid. Pasture
Protein	Minor	↑Energy supply	High intake of diet with relatively low content of fat, but high energy concentration
		↑Amino acid supply	Favourable conditions for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. High intake/proportion of dietary by-pass protein
Calcium	Minor
Magnesium	Minor
Zinc	Minor
Iodine	Considerable		Supplementation
Selenium	Considerable		Supplementation
Vitamin E	Considerable	Vitamin E	Pasture, well preserved silages, concentrates with naturally high content, mineral supplementation
Carotene/Vitamin A	Considerable	Carotene/Vitamin A	Pasture, well preserved silages, concentrates with naturally high content, mineral supplementation
Folate	Minor
Riboflavin	Minor
Vitamin B12	Minor

¹Minor; ≈ < 25 % change. Moderate; ≈ 25–100 % change. Considerable; ≈ > 100 % change.