Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants (n = 152)
| Exercise intervention | Vitamin intervention | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WP (n = 77) | PAP (n = 75) | FA/B12/B6 (n = 78) | Placebo-pill (n = 74) | |
| Age (Mean (SD)) | 75 (2.9) | 75 (2.8) | 75 (2.8) | 75 (2.9) |
| Gender (% male) | 48* | 64 | 56 | 55 |
| MMSE (Median (10th–90th ‰)) | 29 (26–30) | 29 (27–30) | 29 (25–30) | 29 (27–30) |
| Education (% low/middle/high) | 61/22/17 | 52/29/19 | 57/26/17 | 55/26/19 |
| Marital status (% living together) | 75 | 68 | 69 | 73 |
| Physical activitya (min/day) (Median (10th–90th ‰)) | 44 (10–155) | 39 (11–120) | 45 (13–155) | 38 (9–111) |
| Vitamin status (% deficient FA/B12/B6)b | 46/8/0 | 48/8/0 | 49/9/0 | 45/7/0 |
| Homocysteine statusc (% hyperhomocysteinemia) | 27 | 23 | 27 | 23 |
| Blood pressure (% hypertension)d | 27* | 14 | 25 | 16 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (Median (10th–90th p‰)) | 26.7 (23.1–31.5) | 26.6 (23.5–32.7) | 26.5 (23.3–32.8) | 26.7 (23.5–31.2) |
| Smoking (% smokers) | 13 | 15 | 17 | 11 |
| Number of self-reported diseases (% 0,1,2)e | 52/42/6 | 69/27/4 | 66/28/6 | 55/41/4 |
WP = Walking Program, PAP = Placebo Activity Program, FA/B12/B6 = Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 supplementation, MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination, Education: low = no education, primary education, lower vocational training; intermediate = intermediate level secondary education, intermediate vocational training; high = higher level secondary education, higher vocational training, university training. BMI = Body Mass Index
a ≥3.0 metabolic equivalents
b Cut off points: FA red blood cell <337 nmol/l or FA plasma < 6,3 nmol/l; B12 ≤ 150 pmol/l; B6 < 20 nmol/l
c Homocysteine > 14 mmol/l
d Hypertension = diastole ≥ 90 and systole ≥160
e Cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, psychiatric disease, renal failure requiring dialysis and/or rheumatoid arthritis
* Significantly different from PAP (P < 0.05)