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Summary of the molecular events found in the silica-induced lung carcinogenesis model. DDR, p16, TERT, and p53 overexpressions are observed from early preneoplastic lesions. p16 inactivation occurs in dysplastic bronchiolar lesions and tumors. No mutations were observed in tumors, with the only exception of Tp53 mutations with a very low frequency. Epigenetic alterations were found in tumors in the tumor-suppressor genes p16(CDKN2A), APC, and CDH13.
