TABLE 2—
Prevalence for Categorical Variables and Logistic Regression Results, Tobacco Use at Year 10: Second Generation of the Prevention and Intervention Research Center Study, Baltimore, Md, 1993–2004 (N = 400)
| Current Tobacco | ||||
| No. | Prevalence, % | Usea OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Work status | ||||
| No work (Ref) | 299 | 8.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–10 h/wk | 44 | 11.4 | 1.38 (0.50, 3.83) | 1.50 (0.46, 4.82) |
| > 10 h/wk | 61 | 21.3 | 2.93 (1.40, 6.11) | 1.98 (0.84, 4.67) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male (Ref) | 215 | 11.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 185 | 9.7 | 0.82 (0.43, 1.55) | 1.04 (0.48, 2.22) |
| Race | ||||
| African American (Ref) | 352 | 9.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| White | 48 | 18.8 | 2.16 (0.96, 4.83) | 1.25 (0.43, 3.63) |
| Academic performance | ||||
| ≥ Grade 6 or above (year 6; Ref) | 366 | 11.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < Grade 6 | 34 | 5.9 | 0.49 (0.11, 2.14) | 0.22 (0.04, 1.32) |
| ≥ Grade 9 or above (year 9; Ref) | 331 | 9.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < Grade 9 | 69 | 17.4 | 2.04 (0.99, 4.20) | 2.07 (0.76, 5.63) |
| First grade behaviorsb | ||||
| Authority acceptance | . . .c | . . .c | 1.54 (1.08, 2.18) | 1.43 (0.94, 2.19) |
| Parent monitoring—year 6 | . . .c | . . .c | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.11) |
| Change in parent monitoring—from year 6 to year 9 | . . .c | . . .c | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) |
| Peer affiliationd | . . .c | . . .c | ||
| Peers who use drugs—year 6 | . . .c | . . .c | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) | 1.23 (1.05, 1.44) |
| Change in peers who use drugs—from year 6 to year 9 | . . .c | . . .c | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.31) |
| Deviant peers—year 6 | . . .c | . . .c | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) |
| Change in deviant peers—from year 6 to year 9 | . . .c | . . .c | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) |
| No peers aged older than 15 years—year 6 (Ref) | 198 | 9.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Peers aged older than 15 years—year 6 | 202 | 12.4 | 1.41 (0.74, 2.68) | 1.32 (0.62, 2.82) |
| No peers aged older than 17 years—year 9 (Ref) | 134 | 7.5 | 1.00 NA | 1.00 NA |
| Peers aged older than 17 years—year 9 | 266 | 12.4 | 1.76 (0.84, 3.68) | 1.08 (0.46, 2.53) |
| Parents’ educational attainment | ||||
| High school graduate (Ref) | 160 | 10 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Eighth grade or less | 5 | 60 | . . .e | . . .e |
| Some high school | 51 | 15.7 | 1.67 (0.67, 4.18) | 1.48 (0.51, 4.27) |
| Vocational/college/graduate | 184 | 8.7 | 0.86 (0.41, 1.77) | 0.92 (0.41, 2.07) |
Note. OR = odds ratio (crude); CI = confidence interval; AOR = adjusted odds ratio. All estimates were derived from respondents with no missing data and who were assessed at the 10th year of follow-up.
aCurrent tobacco use was defined as having used tobacco in the past 30 days.
bEarly childhood characteristics previously associated with adolescent tobacco use were incorporated into the logistic model. Teachers’ reports of adolescents’ early authority acceptance, an indicator of aggressive behaviors, as exhibited in the first grade were included in the model. A scale of parent monitoring, in which higher scores indicate less monitoring, was also included in the model.
cContinuous variables; OR represents change per unit.
dFrom year 6, when adolescents were aged between 10 and 14 years, scale values of affiliation with drug-using peers and affiliation with deviant peers as well as dichotomous indicators of whether the adolescents were in a grade level lower than grade 6 (as an indicator of grade retention) or had any friends aged older than 15 years were all included in the model.24–26 From year 9, dichotomous indicators of whether the adolescents were in a grade level lower than grade 9 or had any friends aged older than 17 years were included.
eSmall sample sizes impeded ability to calculate estimates.