Fig. 3.

Generalism and budworm density. A–D are based on untransformed data, and A′–D′ are based on transformed data. Similar results were obtained by both methods. (A) Total number of generalist parasitoid species (i.e., species that attack more than one host species) increases with increasing budworm density. (B) Number of primary generalist species does not change with increasing budworm density. (C) Number of secondary and tertiary generalists increases significantly with increasing budworm density. (D) Mean trophic position increases significantly with increasing budworm density. Results in D′ are not significant for the reasons stated in Fig. 2D′ above. However, when “outlier” (indicated by arrow) was removed, results were significant (dashed line; note P′ and R′² values). (In A–D, n = 20; in A′–D′, n = 17.) SecTert, secondary and tertiary; Den, density; TotGen, total generalists; GenPrim, primary generalists; GenSeTe, secondary and tertiary generalists; TP, trophic position.