Figure 3.

Plots of biomass versus time for growth functions modeling tradeoffs in optimal temperature (panel 1), predator-prey dynamics (panel 2), and the combined effects of predator prey and optimal temperature (panel 3), as well as a plot (panel 4) of the environmental variables (temperature and predator density) versus time. All of these use Eq. (32). For optimal temperature alone, the parameter values are p = 5,σ² = 2, K = 20, d = 0.1, $E_1=15+10sin\left(\frac{2\pi t}{100}\right)$, r = 0, g = 0, E₂ = 0, and z₁ = 0. For predator-prey dynamics alone, the parameter values are p = 5, K = 20, r = 0.1, g = 1, d = 0.1, $E_2=2sin\left(\frac{2\pi t}{100}+25\right)$, E₁ = 0, and z₂ = 0. For combined effects of predator-prey dynamics and optimal temperature tradeoffs, the parameter values are p = 5, σ² = 2, K = 20, d = 0.1, $E_1=15+10sin\left(\frac{2\pi t}{100}\right)$, r = 0.1, g = 1, and $E_2=2sin\left(\frac{2\pi t}{100}+25\right)$. Total immigration per time step is 0.1 for the single-trait simulations and 1 for the two-trait simulations. More immigration is necessary for the two-trait case because there are many more functional groups (species), and immigration occurs for each one.