Table 4.
Prevalence of GDM in Population-based studies.
| Author | Screening criteria | GDM criteria | Time Frame | Source Population | Country | Ethnic group; n | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosenberg (59) | Varied depending upon prenatal care received. | Retrospective; 1991–2001 | Live singleton New York City births with birth certificate data on prepregnancy weight and weight gain | USA | NHB; 86,908
NHW; 96,581 NHA; 38,570 Hispanic; 107,612 |
3.7%, Total
3.7%, NHB 2.6%, NHW 6.6%, NHA 3.5%, Hispanic |
|
| Ferrara (65) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140; 93.5% screened | C & C
NDDG |
Retrospective; 1996 | Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Group of Northern California; computerized hospitalization records | USA | White; 13,714
AA; 2,345 Hispanic; 5,026 Asian; 4,121 |
NDDG and C & C: 3.2 and 4.8%, Total
2.5 and 3.9%, White 2.6 and 3.4%, AA 3.4 and 4.9%, Hispanic 5.7 and 8.3%, Asian |
| Kieffer (66) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 98.9% of Latinas and 96.6% of AA screened | NDDG | Retrospective; 1995 – 1998 | Latina and AA women who received at least 4 prenatal care visits in large Detroit health system; medical record surveys | USA | Latina; 653
AA; 552 |
5.4%, Latina
3.9%, AA |
| Williams (60) | Varied depending upon prenatal care received. | Retrospective; 1987–1995 | Mothers born in Washington State since 1949 delivering a singleton birth between 1987–1995; vital records and hospital discharge summaries. | USA | NHW; 21,528
AA; 6,359 Native American; 7,456 Hispanic; 6,496 |
2.8%, NHW
2.6%, AA 2.7%, Native American 3.0%, Hispanic |
|
| Solomon (39) | Varied depending upon prenatal care received. Self-reported Diagnosis | Prospective; 1989–1994 | Nurses’ Health Study II women with singleton pregnancies and no history of diabetes or GDM. | USA | White; 13,771
AA; 113 Hispanic; 224 Asian; 248 |
4.9%, Total
4.8%, White 10.6%, AA 7.6%, Hispanic 10.5%, Asian |
|
| Rodrigues (67,68) | Universal screening at 24–30 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 | NDDG | Retrospective; 1995–1996 |
Cree: 9 communities in James Bay, Quebec; maternal medical charts
Non-Native: Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal; McGill Obstetric and Neonatal Database |
Canada | Cree; 579
Non-Native; 7,718 |
12.8%, Cree
5.3%, Non-Native |
| Godwin (61) | Varied depending upon prenatal care received. GDM was defined according to NDDG criteria or a fasting or 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 with physician diagnosis. | Retrospective; 1987 – 1995 | Weeneebayko Hosptial, Moose Factory, James Bay, Ontario; chart review | Canada | Native Swampy Cree; 1,298 | 8.5% | |
| Harris (69) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 14090% screened | NDDG | Retrospective; 1990–1993 | Sioux Lookout Zone, Northwestern Ontario; medical records | Canada | Native Ojibwa-Cree; 741 | 8.4% |
| Schmidt (70) | Universal Testing at 24–28 weeks; 2hr 75g OGTT; ADA, post 1997 and WHO, 1999 including 0hr ≥ 126 | Prospective; 1991–1995 | General prenatal care clinics in the National Health Service | Brazil | White; 2,234
AA; 679 Mixed; 2,042 Other; 21 |
2.4%, ADA
7.2%, WHO |
|
| Janghorbani (62) | Universal screening at 26–28 weeks or high risk testing; random plasma glucose ≥ 117 | 2hr 75g OGTT
0hr ≥ 108 2hr ≥ 140 |
Retrospective; 1996–1997 | Plymouth, southwest U.K.; databases and midwifery care notes | UK | NHW; 4,942 | 1.8% |
| Weijers (63) | Varied depending upon prenatal care received. Medical history of physician-diagnosed GDM. | Retrospective; 1992 – 1997 | Town borough of Amsterdam; physician diagnosed GDM reported in hospital registration | Holland | Dutch; 483
Non-Dutch; 1,157 |
0.6%, Dutch
2.6%, Non-Dutch |
|
| Ostlund (71,72) | Universal testing offered at 28–32 weeks; 73.5% accepted; EASD (0hr ≥ 121 cut-point) | Prospective; 1994 – 1996 | Defined geographical area of Sweden | Sweden | Nordic; 3,211
Non-Nordic; 405 |
1.7% | |
| Aberg (73) | Universal testing offered at 27–28 weeks with additional testing in high risk patients; not clear what %age of the population accepted; 2hr 75g OGTT ≥ 162 whole-blood | Prospective; 1995–1997 | Lund University Hospital | Sweden | Not specified; 12,382 | 1.2% | |
| Jensen (74) | Universal testing offered, high risk - early in pregnancy and at 28–32 weeks; EASD (0hr ≥ 111 and 2hr ≥ 164 whole-blood) | Prospective; 1999–2000 | Four Danish healthcare centers | Denmark | Not specified; (5,235 using 56.2% imputed values) | 2.4% | |
| Kvetney (75) | High risk† testing at 24–28 weeks; 2hr 75g OGTT ≥ 121 or WHO, 1999; 19.5% tested | Prospective; 1995 – 1997 | Ribe county prenatal care patients | Denmark | Not specified; 6,158 | 3.6%, Local Criteria
2.8%, WHO |
|
| Murgia (77) | Universal screening at 16–18, 24–26 and 30–32 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 130 | C & C | Prospective; 2006* | Sardinian volunteers | Italy | Sardinian; 1,103 | 22.3% |
| Di Cianni (76) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks or earlier when high risk; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 | C & C | Prospective; 1997* | 8 healthcare districts in north-west Tuscany | Italy | Not specified; 2,000 | 6.3% |
| Erem (78) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 | NDDG | Prospective; 2003* | Central Province of Trabzon City: seven health stations | Turkey | Not specified; 807 | 1.2% |
| Keshavarz (79) | Universal screening high risk - initial visit and at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 130 | ADA, post 1997 | Prospective; 1999 – 2001 | Fatemiyeh Hospital in Shahrood City | Iran | Not specified; 1,310 | 4.8% |
| Hadaegh (80) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 130 | C & C and NDDG | Prospective; 2002 – 2004 | All pregnant women referred to the obstetrics clinics in various parts of Bandar Abbas city | Iran | Not specified; (800 using 12.5% imputed values) | 8.1%, NDDG
11.4%, C & C |
| Al Mahroos (81) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 | C & C with a 3hr 75g OGTT | Prospective; 2001 – 2002 | Antenatal clinics at health centers and at Salmaniya Medical Complex | Bahrain | Bahraini; 7,575
Expatriate; 2,920 |
13.3%, total
15.5%, Bahraini 7.5%, Expatriate |
| Seyoum (82) | Universal testing after 24 weeks; WHO, 1999 | Prospective; 1999* | Women over 24 weeks gestational age; community-based, eastern zone of Tigray | Ethiopia | Not specified; 890 | 3.7% | |
| Zargar (83) | Universal screening 2nd or 3rd trimester; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 | Group A: C & C Group B: WHO, 1999 | Prospective; 1999 – 2002 | Six districts of Kashmir valley | India | Not specified; Group A; 1,000
Group B; 1,000 |
3.1%, Group A
4.4%, Group B |
| Stone (64) | Varied depending upon prenatal care received. | Retrospective; 1996 | Singleton pregnancies for Victoria in 1996; Routinely collected data in Victoria from Perinatal Morbidity Statistics System and Victorian Inpatient Minimum Dataset Data | Australia | Aboriginal; 438
Non-Aboriginal; 59,962 |
3.6%, Total
4.3%, Aboriginal 3.6%, Non-Aboriginal |
|
| Yang (84) | Universal screening at 26–30 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140 | WHO, 1999 including 0hr ≥ 126 | Prospective; 1998–1999 | 6 urban districts in Tianjin | China | Not specified; 9,471 | 2.3% |
| Maegawa (85) | Universal screening during first trimester; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 130 | JSOG | Prospective; 1999 – 2001 | 11 hospitals in Mie prefecture or Hiroshima Municipal Asa Hospital | Japan | Japanese; 749 | 2.9% |
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; GCT, glucose challenge test; C & C, Carpenter and Coustan; NDDG, National Diabetes Data Group, WHO, World Health Organization; ADA, American Diabetes Association; EASD, European Association for the Study of Diabetes; JSOG, Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology;
*
Indicates that calendar time for participant enrollment was not provided; therefore, the publication date is substituted for the study time frame.
†
Women with previous GDM, history of fetal macrosomia, glucosuria, BMI > 29, family history, prior stillbirth, age > 35yrs)AA, African American; NHW, non-Hispanic white; NHB, non-Hispanic black; NHA, non-Hispanic Asian