Table 6.
Trends in the prevalence of GDM
| Author | Screening criteria | GDM criteria | Time Frame* | Population/Data source | Country | Ethnic group; n | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dabelea (104) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140; (96–98% screened) | NDDG | 1994–2002 | Kaiser Permanente of Colorado perinatal database, Denver metropolitan area | USA | NHW, Hispanic, AA, Asian; 36,403 | From 2.1% in 1994 to 4.1% in 2002; GDM prevalence increase was greater for minorities than whites |
| Thorpe (105) | Screening and GDM criteria varied depending upon prenatal care received; however, universal screening has been practiced since the 1980s. | 1990–2001 | Residents of New York City with a singleton delivery; Birth certificate records from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene | USA | Diverse population; 1990; 125,663
2001; 110,340 |
From 2.6% in 1990 to 3.8% in 2001; GDM increased significantly in all major racial/ethnic groups except Non-Hispanic whites | |
| Ferrara (106) | Considered screened if a 1hr 50g GCT (98.2% of those screened); 3hr 100g OGTT (C & C); 2hr 75g OGTT (≥ 140); fasting glucose (≥ 126); 2hr postprandial or random glucose measured (≥ 200); 86.8% screened; GDM defined by above cutpoints or a hospital discharge diagnosis | 1991–2000 | Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program screened pregnancies; Gestational Diabetes Registry | USA | White, AA, Hispanic, Asian; 267,051 | From 5.1% in 1991 to 7.4% in 1997; leveled off through 2000 at 6.9% | |
| Moum (107) | Screening and GDM criteria varied depending upon prenatal care received. | 1989–2000 | American Indian and white mothers in Montana and North Dakota (ND); birth records | USA | Montana; 133,991
ND; 102,232 |
Increasing rate of diabetes in pregnancy 1989 to 2000.
3.1 to 4.1%, Montana Indian 1.8 to 2.6%, Montana white 3.8 to 4.8%, ND Indian (NS) 1.6 to 3.2%, ND white |
|
| Xiong (108) | Universal screening at 24–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140; | NDDG | 1991–1997 | 39 hospitals in Northern and Central Alberta; Perinatal Audit and Education Program records | Canada | Canadian; 111,563 | GDM prevalence ranged between 2.2 –2.8% with a mean of 2.5% between 1991 and 1997; NS test for linear trend |
| Ishak (109) | Unclear | ADIPS or WHO, 1999 | 1988–1999 | All deliveries in South Australia; Pregnancy Outcome Unit of the Department of Human Services | Australia | Aboriginal; 4,843
Non-Aboriginal; 225,168 |
4.3%, Aboriginal
2.4%, Non-Aboriginal Increasing trend in non-Aboriginal (annual rate increase of 4.7%), but not in Aboriginal population (0.5%). |
| Kim (110) | Universal testing at 26–28 weeks; 1hr 50g GCT ≥ 140; (78–85% screened) | ADIPS | 1992–1996 | Far North Queensland; Cairns Base Hospital database | Australia | Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islanders, Australian-born Caucasian, others; 7,567 | 14.4%, 1992; 13.4%, 1993; 11.1%, 1994; 7.3%, 1995; 5.3%, 1996 |
| Beischer (111) | Universal testing 3hr 50g OGTT; 1971 to 1980 at 30–34 weeks (64.5% screened); 1981 and after at 30–34 weeks (79.9% screened); GDM defined by a 1hr ≥162 and a 2hr ≥126 | 1971–1994 | Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne; either abstracted from medical records or a database | Australia | Not specified; 1971–1980; 27,111
1991–1994; 16,820 |
Of screened pregnancies from 2.9% in 1971–1980 to 8.8% in 1991–1994 (X2 for trend, p<0.00001). |
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; GCT, glucose challenge test; C & C, Carpenter and Coustan; NDDG, National Diabetes Data Group, WHO, World Health Organization; JSOG, Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology; NHW, non-Hispanic white; AA, African American; ND, North Dakota; NS, not significant;
*
All studies were retrospective.