Schematic diagram of possible Rad6-mediated metabolic pathways. Rad6 forms distinct complexes with either Ubr1 or Rad18; the Rad6–Rad18 complex is proposed to be responsible for DNA repair (19–21). The DNA repair component consists of an N-terminal-dependent error-free PRR pathway and an N-terminal-independent error-prone mutagenesis pathway. Mms2, PCNA, Polδ, and Rad30 are proposed to participate in the error-free PRR, whereas Rev1, -3, and -7 are responsible for mutagenesis.