Table 3. Primers and reaction conditions used in this study.
| Gene | Primer | Sequence 5′-3′ | Rxn conditions | |
| matK | 2.1 forward | CCTATCCATCTGGAAATCTTAG | 94°C–4 min | |
| 2.1a forward | ATCCATCTGGAAATCTTAGTTC | 94°C-30 sec | ||
| 5 reverse | GTTCTAGCACAAGAAAGTCG | 53°C-40 sec | 40× | |
| 3.2 reverse | CTTCCTCTGTAAAGAATTC | 72°C-40 sec | ||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| ndhJ (1st reserve) | 1 forward | CATAGATCTTTGGGCTTYGA | 94°C–4 min | |
| 2 forward | TTGGGCTTCGATTACCAAGG | 94°C-30 sec | ||
| 3 reverse | ATAATCCTTACGTAAGGGCC | 53°C-40 sec | 40× | |
| 4 reverse | TCAATGAGCATCTTGTATTTC | 72°C-40 sec | ||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| rpoC1 | 1 forward | GTGGATACACTTCTTGATAATGG | 94°C–4 min | |
| 2 forward | GGCAAAGAGGGAAGATTTCG | 94°C-30 sec | ||
| 3 reverse | TGAGAAAACATAAGTAAACGGGC | 53°C-40 sec | 40× | |
| 4 reverse | CCATAAGCATATCTTGAGTTGG | 72°C-40 sec | ||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| rpoB | 1 forward | AAGTGCATTGTTGGAACTGG | 94°C–4 min | |
| 2 forward | ATGCAACGTCAAGCAGTTCC | 94°C-30 sec | ||
| 3 reverse | CCGTATGTGAAAAGAAGTATA | 53°C-40 sec | 40× | |
| 4 reverse | GATCCCAGCATCACAATTCC | 72°C-40 sec | ||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| accD | 1 forward | AGTATGGGATCCGTAGTAGG | 94°C–4 min | |
| 2 forward | GGRGCACGTATGCAAGAAGG | 94°C-30 sec | ||
| 3 reverse | TTTAAAGGATTACGTGGTAC | 53°C-40 sec | 40× | |
| 4 reverse | TCTTTTACCCGCAAATGCAAT | 72°C-40 sec | ||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| YCF5 | 1 forward | GGATTATTAGTCACTCGTTGG | 94°C–4 min | |
| 2 forward | ACTTTAGAGCATATATTAACTC | 94°C-30 sec | ||
| 3 reverse | ACTTACGTGCATCATTAACCA | 53°C-40 sec | 40× | |
| 4 reverse | CCCAATACCATCATACTTAC | 72°C-40 sec | ||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| psbA-trnH [4] | fwd | GTTATGCATGAACGTAATGCTC | 94°C–5 min | |
| rev | CGCGCATGGTGGATTCACAATCC | 94°C-1 min | ||
| 55°C-1 min | 30× | |||
| 72°C-1.5 min | ||||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| psbA-trnH (including protein coding region) | fwd | CGAGCCTGTTTCTGGTTCTC | 98°C–3 min | |
| Rev (short-fragment) | GGGGTGTGGGTAGAGCAGT | 98°C-10 sec | ||
| 60°C [−0.5°/cycle] −20 sec | 10× | |||
| Rev (long-fragment) | CCGACGACGAACTAACATTTG | 72°C-1 min | ||
| 98°C-10 sec | ||||
| 55°C-20 sec | 25× | |||
| 72°C-1 min | ||||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| nrITS | 5a fwd | CCTTATCATTTAGAGGAAGGAG | 94°C–5 min | |
| 4 rev | TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC | 94°C-1 min | ||
| 50°C-1 min | 30× | |||
| 72°C-1.5 min +3 sec /cycle | ||||
| 72°C-7 min | ||||
| 2c rev (sequencing only) | GCTACGTTCTTCATCGTGGC | N/A | ||
Conditions for chloroplast markers from the Plant Working Group (www.kew.org/barcoding/protocols.html); conditions for psbA-trnH adopted from Kress et al. 2005.