Figure 1.

Oscillations in NF-κB nuclear localization. EMSAs show nuclear localization of NF-κB in wild-type (A) and iκbβ ^−/−ɛ^−/− MEF cells (B) stimulated with TNF (adapted from Hoffmann et al., 2002). Arrows indicate specific nuclear NF-κB–binding activity. Asterisks indicate nonspecific DNA-binding complexes. (C) Quantitation of immunohistochemical analysis of individual cells stimulated with TNF (adapted from Barken et al., 2005). Error bars are the mean ± SD. (D) Recordings from live individual cells transduced with overexpressing RelA and IκBα fusion proteins and stimulated with TNF, where each colored line represents the recording from one cell (adapted from Nelson et al., 2004). NF-κB nuclear localization predicted by a computational model (Hoffmann et al., 2002) with (E) and without (F) the IκBβ-mediated protective mechanism described in the text and in Phillips and Ghosh (1997).