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. 2006 Nov 6;175(3):465–475. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200605091

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Copyright © 2006, The Rockefeller University Press

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Figure 4. — S. flexneri's IpaA-VBSs contribute to host cell entry and to dissemination of the pathogen. (A) Deletion of IpaA-VBS compromises the invasion of HeLa cells by S. flexneri. HeLa cells were challenged with the indicated strains and bacterial internalization was determined by the gentamicin protection assay (Perdomo et al., 1994). The relative percentage of bacterial internalization corresponds to values normalized to that obtained for the wild-type strain. Each value is the mean of six independent determinations. (B) Polarized colonic epithelial Caco-2 cells were challenged with the indicated mutants, and bacterial internalization was assessed by scoring entry events by fluorescent microscopy. (C) Deletion of IpaA-VBS affects S. flexneri dissemination. Polarized Caco-2 cells were challenged with the indicated mutants for 90 min, and bacterial dissemination after a 6-h incubation was determined by scoring the numbers of infected cells per focus. Error bars indicating the mean ± the SEM are provided together with the t test P value (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005; and *** P, < 0.0005).