. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Sep 7.

Published in final edited form as: J Theor Biol. 2007 Apr 10;248(1):91–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.04.002

Table 2.

Biochemical reactions. The non-integer stoichiometry of oxidative phosphorylation corrects the effect of lumping together the concentrations in cytosol and mitochondria.

Reaction	Stoichiometry
1. Glucose Utilization	GLU+ATP → G6P+ADP
2. Glycogen synthesis	G6P+ATP → GLY + ADP + 2 P_i
3. Glycogen utilization	GLY + P_i → G6P
4. Glucose 6-phosphate breakdown	G6P+ATP→2 GA3P+ADP
5. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate breakdown	GA3P+P_i+NAD⁺ →BPG + NADH
6. Pyruvate production	BPG + 2 ADP → PYR + 2 ATP
7. Pyruvate reduction	PYR + NADH → LAC + NAD⁺
8. Lactate oxidation	LAC + NAD⁺ → PYR + NADH
9. Alanine production	PYR→ ALA
10. Pyruvate oxidation	PYR + CoA + NAD⁺ →ACoA + NADH +CO₂
11. Lipolysis	TGL→GLC + 3 FFA
12. Triglyceride synthesis	GLC+3 FFA + 3 ATP→ TGL+3 ADP + 3 P_i
13. Free fatty acid utilization	FFA + CoA + 2 ATP→FAC +2 ADP+2 P_i
14. Fatty Acyl-CoA Oxidation	FAC + 7 CoA + (35/3) NAD⁺ → 8 ACoA + (35/3) NADH
15. Citrate production	ACoA + OXA → CIT + CoA
16. α-ketoglutarate production	CIT + NAD⁺ → AKG + NADH + CO₂
17. Succinyl-CoA production	AKG + CoA + NAD⁺ → SCoA + NADH + CO₂
18. Succinate production	SCoA + ADP + P_i → SUC + CoA + ATP
19. Malate production	SUC + (2/3) NAD⁺ →MAL + (2/3) NADH
20. Oxaloacetate production	MAL + NAD⁺ → OXA + NADH
21. Oxidative phosphorylation	O₂ + 5.64 ADP + 5.64 P_i + 1.88 NADH → 2 H₂O + 5.64 ATP + 1.88 NAD⁺
22. Phosphocreatine breakdown	PCR + ADP→CR+ATP
23. Phosphocreatine synthesis	CR + ATP→ PCR + ADP
24. ATP hydrolysis	ATP → ADP+P_i
25. AMP utilization	AMP+ATP→ADP+ADP
26. AMP production	ADP+ADP→ AMP+ATP