Table 1 Major malaria candidate vaccines in clinical development12,18,28.
| Antigen | Name | Adjuvant | Clinical phase | Producer/group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre‐erythrocytic (PEV) | ||||
| CSP | RTS,S16,27,29 | AS02A | 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b | MVI/GSK |
| CSP | RTS,S | AS01B | 1a, 2a | WRAIR/GSK |
| CSP | RTS,S | AS01E | 1a, 1b, 2a | MVI/GSK/WRAIR |
| Fowl pox 9 CSP+LSA‐1 epitope/ | None | 1a, 1b, 2a | Oxford | |
| MVA CSP+LSA‐1 epitope | ||||
| Fowl pox 9MVA polyprotein | None | 1a, 2a | Oxford/EMVI | |
| LSA‐1 E coli expressed | LSA‐NRC | AS02A | 1a, 2a | GSK/WRAIR |
| LSA‐1 E coli expressed | LSA‐NRC | AS01B E | 1a, 2a | GSK/WRAIR |
| Erythrocytic (EV) | ||||
| MSP‐1 42 3D7 (FMP‐1) E coli | FMP130 | 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b | WRAIR | |
| expressed | ||||
| MSP‐1‐C1 42 | (FVO+ 3D7) | ALOH P pastoris expressed | 1a | MVDU/NIH |
| MSP‐1‐C1 42 | (FVO+ 3D7) | ALOH+CPG P pastoris expressed | 1a | MVDU/NIH |
| AMA‐1 3DT31 | FMP2.1 | AS02 E coli expressed | 1a, 1b | WRAIR |
| AMA‐1 C1 | (FVO+ 3D7) | ALOH E coli expressed | 1a, 1b | MVDU/NIH |
| AMA‐1 C1 | (FVO+ 3D7) | ALOH + CPG E coli expressed | 1a | MVDU/NIH |
| AMA‐1 C1 | PfCP‐2.9 | ALOH/MontanideISA720/AS02 | 1a | BPRC |
| P pastoris expressed | ||||
| SE 36 | SERA | ALOH E coli expressed | 1a | Osaka University, BIKEN |
| Foundation | ||||
| MSP3/GLURP | GMZ 2 | ALOH L lactis expressed | 1a | |
| recombinant | ||||
| MSP‐1 19/AMA‐1 chimera | PfCP2.9 | P pastoris expressed | 1a | SMMHS/Wanxing/MVI/WHO |
| Combination multi‐stage vaccines | ||||
| Recombinant FMP‐1 plus | 1a, 2a | WRAIR | ||
| RTS,S, MSP‐1 3DT+CSP | ||||
| Mimetopes delivered on virosome | 1a, 2a | Pevion | ||
| CSP, AMA‐1 | ||||
| Transmission blocking vaccines (TBV) | ||||
| Pvs25 Saccharomyces expressed32 | ALOH | 1a | MVDU | |
| Other approaches and targets | ||||
| PfEMP1 | Malaria in | Pre‐clinical | ||
| pregnancy ] | ||||
| vaccines[33 | ||||
| Attenuated parasite (sporozoite) | Attenuated | Pre‐clinical | Sanaria | |
| sporozoite | ||||
| vaccine14,15 | ||||
| GPI | Anti‐toxic ] | Pre‐clinical | ||
| vaccines[34 | ||||
ALOH, aluminium hydroxide; AMA, apical membrane antigen; CSP, circumsporozoite protein; EV, erythrocytic vaccines; GLURP, glutamate‐rich protein; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; GSK, GlaxoSmithKline Biological; LAS, liver‐stage antigen; MDVU, Malaria Vaccine Development Unit; MSP, merozoite surface protein; MVA, modified vaccine Ankara; NIH, National Institute of Health; PEV, pre‐erythrocytic vaccines; WRAIR, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.