Table 4.
Multivariate-adjusted associations between maternal and early life characteristics and body composition at age 9 years. Model 1 includes maternal mid-upper arm circumference in late pregnancy. Model 2 includes maternal pre-pregnant BMI
| Fat mass index SDS | Lean mass index SDS | |
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Regression coefficient (95% CI) adjusted for age and all characteristics in the model |
|
| Model 1 | ||
| Boys | ||
| Mid-upper arm circ. SDS | 0.26 (0.06 to 0.46)* | 0.11 (−0.08 to 0.31) |
| Maternal height SDS§ | −0.12 (−0.28 to 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.16 to 0.16) |
| Weight gain in pregnancy SDS | −0.01 (−0.18 to 0.18) | −0.06 (−0.24 to 0.11) |
| Smoked in pregnancy | 0.57 (0.10 to 1.50)* | −0.15 (−0.61 to 0.30) |
| Birthweight SDS | 0.14 (−0.06 to 0.33) | 0.32 (0.13 to 0.50)*** |
| Conditional infant weight gain SDS | 0.17 (0.01 to 0.34* | 0.06 (−0.10 to 0.22) |
| Breastfed | ||
| Never | Ref | Ref |
| ≤ 4 months | 011 (−0.32 to 0.54) | 0.35 (−0.06 to 0.77) |
| > 4 months | 0.12 (−0.36 to 0.60) | 0.29 (−0.17 to 0.75) |
| Girls | ||
| Mid-upper arm circ. SDS | 0.44 (0.31 to 0.57)*** | 0.14 (−0.03 to 0.32) |
| Maternal height SDS | −0.19 (−0.37 to −0.01)* | −0.18 (−0.41 to 0.06) |
| Weight gain in pregnancy SDS | −0.09 (−0.24 to 0.06) | −0.09 (−0.29 to 0.10) |
| Smoked in pregnancy | 0.04 (−0.28 to 0.35) | 0.13 (−0.29 to 0.54) |
| Birthweight SDS | −0.04 (−0.21 to 0.13) | 0.19 (−0.03 to 0.42) |
| Conditional infant weight gain SDS | −0.08 (−0.26 to 0.09) | −0.17 (−0.40 to 0.06) |
| Breastfed | ||
| ≤ 4 months | 0.05 (−0.29 to 0.39) | 0.16 (−0.29 to 0.61) |
| > 4 months | −0.52 (−0.92 to −0.12)* | −0.34 (−0.86 to 0.18) |
| Model 2 | ||
| Boys | ||
| Pre-pregnant BMI SDS | 0.26 (0.04 to 0.48)* | 0.19 (−0.02 to 0.40) |
| Maternal height SDS§ | −0.07 (−0.25 to 0.10) | 0.03 (−0.13 to 0.20) |
| Weight gain in pregnancy SDS | 0.09 (−0.09 to 0.26) | −0.05 (−0.24 to 0.13) |
| Smoked in pregnancy | 0.60 (0.10 to 1.10)* | −0.10 (−0.58 to 0.37) |
| Birthweight SDS | 0.16 (−0.04 to 0.35) | 0.33 to (0.14 to 0.52)*** |
| Conditional infant weight gain SDS | 0.20 (0.02 to 0.38)* | 0.09 (−0.08 to 0.25) |
| Breastfed | ||
| Never | Ref | Ref |
| ≤ 4 months | 0.11 (−0.33 to 0.54) | 0.35 (−0.06 to 0.76) |
| > 4 months | 0.14 (−0.35 to 0.62) | 0.31 (−0.15 to 0.77) |
| Girls | ||
| Pre-pregnant BMI SDS | 0.42 (0.29 to 0.56)*** | 0.12 (−0.06 to 0.30) |
| Maternal height SDS | −0.06 (−0.24 to 0.11) | −0.05 (−0.28 to 0.17) |
| Weight gain in pregnancy SDS | 0.11 (−0.04 to 0.26) | −0.01 (−0.20 to 0.19) |
| Smoked in pregnancy | 0.05 (−0.28 to 0.37) | 0.05 (−0.38 to 0.47) |
| Birthweight SDS | −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.06) | 0.08 (−0.11 to 0.27) |
| Conditional infant weight gain SDS | −0.08 (−0.26 to 0.09) | −0.19 (−0.42 to 0.04) |
| Breastfed | ||
| Never | Ref | Ref |
| ≤ 4 months | 0.08 (−0.27 to 0.43) | 0.01 (−0.44 to 0.46) |
| > 4 months | −0.53 (−0.93 to −0.12)* | −0.48 (−1.01 to 0.05) |
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05
§
SDS=standard deviation scores.