TABLE II.

Molecular Technologies for Assessing DNA and Genomic Defects, Using DNA From Mutagenized Parents and Their Children

Technology	Major use	Applicable to single-cell analyses	Genomic resolution
PCR-based assays (sequencing or conformation)a,b	Single-gene assessment, methylation	Yes	Single base
Sequencing by hybridization	Allelotyping, mutation detection	Yes	Single base
End-sequence profiling (DNA and transcripts)	Structural rearrangements, large-scale resequencing, genome immortalization	No	Single base
Chromatin immunoprecipitation	Antibody-based multiprotein interrogation	Noa	Single protein
FISHb	Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations	Yes	Megabase
CGH	Copy number gains and losses, allele-specific, methylation-specific	Possibly	10–100 Kbp
High throughput LOH	LOH mapping, gene localization	Possibly	10 Kbp
Optical mapping	Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations	Yes	100 bp
Genome subtraction	Mapping and cloning of lost or gained regions	Possibly	Megabase
Expression arrays	Comprehensive, semiquantitative expression, splicing	Yes	Single exon
SAGE (RNA and DNA)	Comprehensive, semiquantitative expression, splicing	No	Single gene
ChIP	DNA binding proteins, chromatin structure	No	Single gene
Protein lysate arrays	Antibody-based multiprotein interrogation	Noa	Single protein
1D and 2D gel electrophoresis	Mutant protein detection	No	Single protein
Mass spectrometry	Qualitative protein composition	No	Single protein

^a~100 cells are needed.

^bTechnologies adapted to the analyses of genomic defects in human and animal sperm.