Table 4.

 Pre-eclampsia and risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in later life

Study, country	Study design	Exposures	Race	Parity	Definition of exposure		No with pre-eclampsia/No of women	Mean follow-up (years)	No of VTE cases	Relative risk (95% CI)	Degree of adjustment*
					Minimum SBP, minimum DBP (mm Hg)	Minimum proteinuria g/24 h
Hannaford 1997,w8 UK	PC	Pre-eclampsia	3	Any	140, 90	0.3	2371/17 202	12.5†	150‡	1.62 (1.09 to 2.41)	Smoking, socioeconomic status
Kestenbaum 2003,w14 USA	RC	Mild pre-eclampsia; severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia	3; 3	P, P	140, 90; 160, 110	0.3	15 508; 5044/113 454	7.8	141§; 126§	1.4 (0.9 to 2.2); 2.3 (1.3 to 4.2)
Van Walraven 2003,w20 Canada	PC	Pre-eclampsia	1	Any	140, 90	0.3	12 849/297 037	3	164§	2.2 (1.3 to 3.7)
Total						:	35 772/427 693	4.7	470

SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; PC=prospective cohort; RC=retrospective cohort; P=primiparous. All papers adjusted for maternal age, year of birth, and hospital of delivery.

*List of variables used in individual studies to adjust for effect of pre-eclampsia on later risk of chronic disease.

†Calculated from total number of woman years.

‡Codes 450 and 453 from international classification of diseases, ninth revision.

§Codes 415.1 and 451.1 from international classification of diseases, ninth revision.