Table 7.

 Pre-eclampsia and risk of death from any cause in later life

Study, country	Study design	Exposure	Race	Parity	Definition of exposure		No with pre-eclampsia/No of women	Mean follow up (years)	No of cases	Relative risk (95% CI)	Degree of adjustment*
					Minimum SBP, minimum DBP (mm Hg)	Minimum proteinuria g/24 h
Irgens 2001,w15 Norway	RC	Pre-eclampsia 16-36 weeks; pre-eclampsia ≥37 weeks	White	P	—, 85	—	2649; 21 506/626 272	13	325; 4025	2.71 (1.99 to 3.68); 1.04 (0.88 to 1.23)
Smith 2001,w16 UK	RC	Pre-eclampsia	White	P	†, †	†	22 781/129 290	16.9	1111	1.1 (0.96 to 1.25)	Socioeconomic status
Wilson 2003,w13 UK	RC	Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia	White	P	90	0.3	1043/1839	32	176	1.17 (0.83 to 1.64)	Socioeconomic status
Funai 2005,w17 Israel	RC	Pre-eclampsia	Mixed	Any	140, 90	‡	1070/37 061	30	1900	2.13 (1.79 to 2.53)	Socioeconomic status, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes
Total							49 049/794 462	14.5	7537

SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; RC=retrospective cohort; P=primiparous. All papers adjusted for maternal age, year of birth, and hospital of delivery.

*List of variables used in individual studies to adjust for effect of pre-eclampsia on later risk of chronic disease.

†Hypertension, proteinuria or albuminuria, or both from Scottish morbidity records.

‡Proteinuria (and oedema) must be present, no minimum value specified.