Table 2.
Descriptives and statistical tests for the VAS from the open provocation and double-blind tests for sensitive and control participants by exposure.
| Sham
|
GSM
|
UMTS
|
Sham vs. GSM
|
Sham vs. UMTS
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | Sensitive [M (SE)]a | Control [M (SE)] | Sensitive [M (SE)] | Control [M (SE)] | Sensitive [M (SE)] | Control [M (SE)] | Sensitive vs. control (F)b | Group by condition (F) | Sensitive (t) | Control (t) | Sensitive (t) | Control (t) |
| Open provocation | ||||||||||||
| Anxiety | 1.99 (0.26) | 1.27 (0.10) | 2.47 (0.28) | 1.31 (0.11) | 2.82 (0.32) | 1.33 (0.11) | 14.85** | 14.30** | 4.01** | 0.52 | 5.23** | 0.68 |
| Tension | 2.05 (0.27) | 1.34 (0.11) | 2.65 (0.30) | 1.35 (0.11) | 2.81 (0.31) | 1.41 (0.12) | 14.59** | 15.65** | 4.97** | 0.52 | 5.18** | 0.60 |
| Arousal | 1.96 (0.26) | 1.18 (0.10) | 2.61 (0.29) | 1.19 (0.10) | 2.72 (0.30) | 1.22 (0.11) | 17.26** | 20.51** | 4.72** | −0.16 | 6.14** | −0.22 |
| Relaxationc | 6.69 (0.34) | 8.06 (0.15) | 6.06 (0.35) | 7.98 (0.16) | 6.06 (0.36) | 8.01 (0.16) | 26.16** | 7.39** | 3.49** | 0.97 | 3.39** | 0.14 |
| Discomfort | 2.44 (0.29) | 1.37 (0.13) | 3.21 (0.30) | 1.41 (0.12) | 3.30 (0.32) | 1.39 (0.13) | 28.58** | 15.38** | 4.02** | 0.46 | 4.47** | −0.14 |
| Fatigue | 3.26 (0.33) | 1.97 (0.16) | 3.21 (0.32) | 1.91 (0.16) | 3.40 (0.33) | 2.00 (0.16) | 14.52** | 0.33 | ||||
| Double-blind | ||||||||||||
| Anxiety | 2.14 (0.26) | 1.82 (0.12) | 2.50 (0.27) | 1.77 (0.13) | 2.82 (0.31) | 1.67 (0.11) | 7.72* | 8.15** | 1.90 | −0.63 | 2.89 | −2.06 |
| Tension | 2.28 (0.27) | 1.92 (0.12) | 2.59 (0.27) | 1.87 (0.13) | 3.02 (0.33) | 1.81 (0.12) | 7.41* | 8.36** | 1.70 | −0.72 | 2.94 | −1.59 |
| Arousal | 2.17 (0.26) | 1.74 (0.12) | 2.59 (0.28) | 1.71 (0.12) | 2.92 (0.31) | 1.65 (0.11) | 9.6** | 8.52** | 2.20 | −0.22 | 3.37** | −0.74 |
| Relaxation | 6.58 (0.34) | 7.38 (0.15) | 6.51 (0.32) | 7.50 (0.15) | 5.97 (0.40) | 7.53 (0.16) | 10.78** | 6.47** | 0.74 | −1.14 | 2.15 | −2.10 |
| Discomfort | 2.39 (0.31) | 1.32 (0.11) | 2.41 (0.25) | 1.30 (0.11) | 2.53 (0.30) | 1.25 (0.11) | 18.27** | 0.94 | ||||
| Fatigue | 3.04 (0.37) | 1.94 (0.15) | 3.00 (0.33) | 1.65 (0.13) | 2.88 (0.33) | 1.67 (0.13) | 16.62** | 0.82 | ||||
Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons: open provocation p < 0.0025; double-blind p < 0.003. Nonparametric statistics was also performed on the untransformed data with virtually the same results (copies of this analysis are available upon request).
a
Mean (M) and SE are original untransformed data.
b
For the open provocation test, one sensitive participant failed to complete any of the VAS, whereas another did not complete any of the fatigue VAS.
c
The relaxation VAS was reversed so that a high score indicates extremely relaxed.
*
p ≤ 0.01.
**
p ≤ 0.0025.