Table 2 Neuropsychological characteristics of normal subjects and mild cognitive impairment subgroups (raw scores).
| Variable | Normal | MCI‐AT | MCI‐MCDT | IC* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cases | 374 | 10 | 28 | |||||
| 3MSE | 96.0 (4.6) | 92.6 (6.2) | 88.2 (7.3) | a,b,c | ||||
| Digit symbol substitution test | 46.8 (12.3) | 38.4 (10.1) | 29.2 (12.1) | a,b,c | ||||
| Premorbid intelligence‡ | ||||||||
| American National Reading Test | 118.3 (8.5) | 121.2 (7.4) | 107.1 (12.4) | b,c | ||||
| Raven's coloured progressive matrices | 27.2 (5.2) | 22.0 (5.3) | 20.0 (4.8) | a,b,c | ||||
| Memory | ||||||||
| California Verbal Learning Test | ||||||||
| Trial 1 | 5.8 (2.0) | 2.8 (1.7) | 3.8 (2.1) | a, b | ||||
| Trial 5 | 10.2 (2.7) | 5.1 (2.8) | 7.3 (2.8) | a,b,c | ||||
| Trials 1 to 5 | 43.3 (10.1) | 24.1 (7.1) | 31.2 (11.3) | a, b | ||||
| Free recall (short) | 8.0 (3.9) | 2.0 (2.5) | 4.7 (2.4) | a,b,c | ||||
| Free recall (long)† | 8.7 (2.9) | 2.0 (2.1) | 5.4 (2.7) | a,b,c | ||||
| Intrusions | 2.1 (3.3) | 3.0 (1.8) | 2.7 (2.7) | d | ||||
| Discriminability index | 89.7 (8.2) | 75.0 (13.2) | 81.7 (8.2) | a,b,c | ||||
| Modified Rey‐Osterreith figure | ||||||||
| Immediate recall | 15.4 (4.8) | 7.3 (4.7) | 10.5 (4.5) | a,b | ||||
| Delayed recall† | 14.7 (4.8) | 4.8 (4.1) | 8.6 (4.6) | a,b,c | ||||
| Visuoconstructional | ||||||||
| Modified Rey‐Osterreith figure† | 22.3 (2.1) | 21.1 (4.0) | 18.7 (3.4) | b,c | ||||
| Block design† | 11.4 (4.8) | 9.7 (3.8) | 3.5 (2.9) | b,c | ||||
| Language | ||||||||
| Boston Naming† | 26.9 (2.6) | 26.4 (1.1) | 23.1 (4.0) | b,c | ||||
| Letters (F±S)† | 25.9 (9.3) | 25.3 (9.2) | 17.0 (8.1) | b,c | ||||
| Category | ||||||||
| Animals† | 15.6 (4.8) | 11.6 (3.1) | 11.1 (4.4) | a,b | ||||
| Birds | 9.7 (3.8) | 7.8 (3.8) | 6.4 (2.6) | b | ||||
| Dogs | 7.0 (3.2) | 5.2 (3.0) | 5.1 (2.3) | b | ||||
| Psychomotor speed | ||||||||
| Trailmaking A (in seconds)† | 45.6 (17.5) | 60.8 (29.3) | 74.9 (27.0) | a,b,c | ||||
| Baddeley and Papagno (single task‐cancellation)†§ | 67.6 (17.4) | 88.0 (41.7) | 92.9 (23.4) | a,b | ||||
| Executive functions | ||||||||
| Trailmaking B (in seconds) | 107.5 (49.3) | 166.7 (95.1) | 204.0 (63.9) | a,b | ||||
| Trailmaking A/B† | 2.5 (2.0) | 2.6 (0.95) | 3.0 (0.96) | d | ||||
| Stroop test (interference)† | 2.31 (1.8) | 2.8 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.1) | b | ||||
| Digit spans | ||||||||
| Forward | 6.4 (1.2) | 6.2 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.0) | b | ||||
| Backward | 4.4 (1.2) | 3.7 (0.95) | 3.4 (1.1) | b | ||||
| Baddeley and Papagno (dual task)†§ | 76.9 (18.4) | 82.8 (28.7) | 98.3 (18.6) | b,c | ||||
| Fine motor control‡ | ||||||||
| Grooved pegboard (seconds) | ||||||||
| Dominant† | 112.0 (33.1) | 119.1 (19.6) | 166.1 (74.8) | a,b,c | ||||
| Non‐dominant† | 123.4 (33.1) | 126.6 (23.7) | 183.9 (97.2) | a,b,c |
Values are mean (SD).
*ANOVA intergroup comparisons (IC): a, MCI‐AT different from normal; b, MCI‐MCDT different from normal; c, MCI‐AT different from MCDT; d, no statistical differences. All p values <0.05, see text for details.
†Measures used to create composite scores.
‡Premorbid intelligence and fine motor control tests were not used to classify MCI cases.
§Per cent change: single v dual tasks.
MCI‐MCDT, multiple cognitive deficits type of mild cognitive impairment; MCI‐AT, amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment; 3MSE, modified Mini‐Mental State Examination.