Table 1 Clinical presentation of 28 patients who underwent a shunt operation for idiopathic normal‐pressure hydrocephalus.
| Cerebral pathology | ||
|---|---|---|
| Absent (n = 13) | Present (n = 15) | |
| Gait disturbances | ||
| Absent (n = 4) | 3 | 1 |
| Present (n = 24) | 10 | 14 |
| Incontinence | ||
| Absent (n = 10) | 5 | 5 |
| Present (n = 18) | 8 | 10 |
| Dementia | ||
| Absent (n = 4) | 2 | 2 |
| Present (n = 24)* | 11 | 13 |
| Full clinical triad | ||
| Absent (n = 10) | 5 | 5 |
| Present (n = 18) | 8 | 10 |
| MMSE median score (range) | 21 (8–30) | 25 (0–30) |
| GDS median score (range) | 6 (4–6) | 4 (2–7) |
| Alzheimer's pathology | ||
|---|---|---|
| Absent (n = 21) | Present (n = 7) | |
| Dementia | ||
| Absent (n = 4) | 4 | 0 |
| Present (n = 24)* | 17 | 7 |
| Full clinical triad | ||
| Absent (n = 10) | 9 | 1 |
| Present (n = 18) | 12 | 6 |
| Unlikely AD (n = 16)† | 12 | 4 |
| Possible AD (n = 12)† | 9 | 3 |
| Vascular changes | ||
|---|---|---|
| Absent (n = 21) | Present (n = 7) | |
| Dementia | ||
| Absent (n = 4) | 2 | 2 |
| Present (n = 24)* | 19 | 5 |
| Full clinical triad | ||
| Absent (n = 10) | 7 | 3 |
| Present (n = 18) | 14 | 4 |
| CVD | ||
| Absent (n = 11)‡ | 9 | 2 |
| Present (n = 17)‡ | 12 | 5 |
| Hachinski median score (range) | 5 (1–7) | 3 (3–5) |
AD, Alzheimer's disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; GDS, Global Deterioration Score; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; NINDCS–ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association.
Subgroups according to the presence or absence of pathological findings on the cerebral biopsy and findings specific to Alzheimer's disease or CVD.
* Including three patients presenting with cognitive deficits but not fulfilling criteria for the diagnosis of dementia.
†According to the NICNS–ADRDA criteria.
‡According to clinical and/or radiological findings (described in the text).