Table 5.

Regression Adjusted Average Annual Expenditure by Source of Payments and Ratio to Total Expenditures, for Children < 18 Years Old in the United States, 1996–2001

	Regression Adjusted Mean Expenditure ($) (95% CI)		Ratio to Total Expenditures
Type of Service	Without Diagnosed Eye/Vision Condition	With Diagnosed Eye/Vision Condition	Without Diagnosed Eye/Vision Condition	With Diagnosed Eye/Vision Condition
Total Health Care:
Out of pocket	178 (168–188)	235 (221–248)	0.21	0.17
Third party	676 (653–700)	1,130 (1,089–1,171)	0.79	0.83
Total Glasses/Contact Lens:
Out of pocket	9 (8-10)	54 (49–59)	0.69	0.72
Third party	4 (4-5)	21 (20–23)	0.31	0.28
Total Emergency Expenditures:
Out of pocket	8 (8–9)	32 (29–35)	0.14	0.31
Third party	49 (47–51)	70 (67–74)	0.86	0.69
Total Inpatient Expenditures:
Out of pocket	10 (9–12)	45 (30–60)	0.04	0.07
Third party	253 (240–267)	564 (509–619)	0.96	0.93
Total Office-based Expenditures:
Out of pocket	39 (37–41)	134 (125–142)	0.22	0.35
Third party	141 (135–145)	252 (243–261)	0.78	0.65
Total Outpatient Expenditures:
Out of pocket	4 (4–4)	48 (44–52)	0.07	0.32
Third party	53 (51–56)	104 (97–110)	0.93	0.68
Total Prescriptions Expenditures:
Out of pocket	27 (25–29)	53 (50–57)	0.34	0.35
Third party	52 (48–56)	99 (92–106)	0.66	0.65

Notes: All estimates and confidence intervals (CI) are corrected for the complex survey design of the MEPS and for multiple imputation of missing data. Regression adjusted expenditure levels were estimated using a generalized linear model with a log link and a gamma error distribution. Ratios were computed using regression adjusted expenditure estimates. Source of data: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).