Table 1 Interactions assessed between genes and environment in asthma and related phenotypes.
| Exposure | Genes | Alleles |
|---|---|---|
| Environment | ||
| Outdoor air pollution | GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1 | null, Ile105 |
| ADRB2 | Arg 16, Arg27 | |
| IL4RA | ||
| CC16 | ||
| TNF, LTα | ||
| NQO1 | ||
| Indoor air pollution | TLR4 | |
| HLAII‐DRB1 | ||
| CD14 | ||
| IL9 | ||
| ETS | GSTM1, GSTT1 | |
| Other | HLAII‐DRB1, HLAII‐DQ | |
| Occupational | ||
| Isocyanates | GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTT1, | |
| HLAII, HLA I | ||
| TNF | DQA1, DQB1 DRB1,2,3,4 | |
| TCR Vβ− | ||
| AAT | ||
| NAT, NAT2 | ||
| Aluminium production | ADRB2 | |
| High affinity receptor of IgE | ||
| TNF | ||
| AAT | ||
| HLA | ||
| Allotypes Ig | ||
| Acid anhydride | HLAII | DP, DQ5, DR1 |
| Farming | TLR2, TLR4 | |
| AAT | ||
| Wood | HLAII | DRB1, DQB1 |
| Laboratory animals | HLAI | DQB1, DRB1 |
| A, B, C | ||
| Platinum salt complexes | HLAII | DRB, DPB, DQA, DQB |
| Lifestyles and others | ||
| Smoking | ADRB2, CD14 | |
| Drugs | HLAII | DPB1, DRB1 |
| EP2 |
GSTM1, glutathione S‐transferase, mu‐1; GSTP1, glutathione S‐transferase, PI; GSTT1, glutathione S‐transferase, theta‐1; ADRB2, beta‐2‐adrenergic receptor; IL4RA, interleukin 4 receptor alpha; CC16, Clara cell secretory protein; TNF, tumour necrosis factor alpha; Lta, lymphotoxin alpha; NQO1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1; TLR4, toll like receptor 4; HLAII, human leucocyte antigen class II; CD14, monocyte differentiation antigen CD14; IL9, interleukin 9; HLAI, human leucocyte antigen class I; TCR Vβ, T‐cell receptor variable β gene segment; AAT, α‐1 antitrypsin; NAT1 or 2: N‐acetyltransferase 1 or 2; TLR2, toll like receptor 2; EP2, prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 2.