Table 1 Characteristics of study participants, Honolulu Heart Program and Honolulu Asia Aging Study, 1965–68 (exam I) and 1991–93 (exam IV).
| Covariates | n | Range | Median | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exam I | |||||
| Age (years) | 3522 | 46–68 | 52.0 | 52.6 | 4.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 3520 | 14.9–39.9 | 23.9 | 23.9 | 2.9 |
| Physical activity | 3505 | 25.6–65.5 | 31.8 | 32.8 | 4.7 |
| Coffee intake (4 oz cup portions) | 3522 | 0–38 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.2 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 3510 | 49–671 | 142.0 | 151.1 | 47.7 |
| Alcohol intake (g/month) | 3518 | 0–6055.5 | 35.6 | 340.1 | 602.9 |
| Smoking (pack‐years) | 3507 | 0–147 | 18.0 | 21.4 | 22.9 |
| Hand‐grip strength (kg) | 3519 | 11–63 | 39.0 | 39.6 | 6.1 |
| Exam IV | |||||
| Age (years) | 3522 | 71–93 | 77.0 | 77.7 | 4.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 3453 | 12.3–39.3 | 23.5 | 23.4 | 3.2 |
| CASI score | 3520 | 0–100 | 86.9 | 83.5 | 13.9 |
| Education (years) | 3522 | 1–24 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 3.2 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 3380 | 5.9–20.4 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 1.4 |
| Hand‐grip strength (kg) | 3522 | 0–55 | 30.0 | 30.3 | 6.8 |
| Decline in hand‐grip strength (kg) between exams I and IV | 3519 | −12 to 38 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 5.8 |
| Arthritis | % | ||||
| No | 2859 | 83.6 | |||
| Yes, current: under medical care | 223 | 6.5 | |||
| Yes, current: not under medical care | 261 | 7.6 | |||
| Yes, present only in the past | 79 | 2.3 | |||
| Fracture of forearm | % | ||||
| No | 3351 | 95.5 | |||
| Yes | 158 | 4.5 |