Table 5 Mean levels and univariate regression coefficients of participant characteristics at exams 1 and IV by decline in hand‐grip strength.
| Levels of decline in hand‐grip strength (in kg) | Coeff/SE | p for trend* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −12–4 (n = 684) | 5–8 (n = 958) | 9–13 (n = 1142) | ⩾14 (n = 735) | |||
| Age (years) | 51.3 (3.9) | 52.3 (4.6) | 53.0 (4.8) | 53.6 (5.1) | 0.209/0.021 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | 32.7 (4.2) | 32.9 (4.5) | 32.8 (4.8) | 33.1 (5.0) | 0.004/0.002 | 0.074 |
| Coffee consumption (4 oz cups) | 3.3 (3.0) | 3.5 (3.3) | 3.5 (3.4) | 3.3 (3.1) | 0.0033/0.030 | 0.915 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 146.9 (41.6) | 148.0 (46.1) | 152.6 (49.1) | 156.8 (52.2) | 0.010/0.002 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 (2.8) | 23.7 (2.8) | 24.0 (2.8) | 24.4 (2.9) | 0.257/0.034 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (g/month) | 325.7 (553.9) | 338.3 (601.0) | 328.4 (567.5) | 373.7 (696.2) | 0.0002/0.001 | 0.346 |
| Smoking (pack years) | 20.2 (21.7) | 22.0 (23.1) | 21.5 (23.1) | 21.7 (23.6) | 0.0063/0.004 | 0.141 |
| CASI score† | 86.4 (8.8) | 86.0 (8.9) | 83.7 (12.3) | 77.5 (21.2) | −0.117/0.007 | <0.001 |
| Education† (years) | 10.7 (3.2) | 10.6 (3.1) | 10.5 (3.2) | 10.3 (3.2) | −0.082/0.031 | 0.008 |
| Haemoglobin† (g/dl) | 15.2 (1.2) | 15.0 (1.3) | 14.8 (1.4) | 14.4 (1.7) | −0.847/0.068 | <0.001 |
* p for trend obtained from linear regression models (unadjusted).
†Covariates assessed at exam IV.
n changes slightly for each variable.
Coeff, parameter estimate from linear regression models; SE, standard error (note: the regression coefficients were unadjusted).