Table 2 Crude odds ratios for anencephaly according to some paternal characteristics.
| Variables | Cases (n = 129) | Controls (n = 110) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age >40 years | 7 | 5.43 | 4 | 3.64 | 1.52 | 0.43–5.34 |
| Educational level (years of school) | ||||||
| High school and greater (⩾12) | 13 | 10.08 | 19 | 17.27 | 1 | |
| Secondary and preparatory incomplete (9–11) | 23 | 17.83 | 36 | 32.73 | 0.93 | 0.39–2.25 |
| Primary and secondary incomplete (6–8) | 45 | 34.88 | 26 | 23.64 | 2.53 | 1.08–5.95 |
| No education/primary incomplete (<6) | 48 | 37.21 | 29 | 26.36 | 2.42 | 1.04–5.62 |
| Lifetime use of alcohol | 105 | 81.40 | 89 | 80.91 | 1.12 | 0.57–2.21 |
| Use of alcohol at the beginning of pregnancy | 59 | 45.74 | 51 | 46.36 | 0.99 | 0.56–1.77 |
| Lifetime use of tobacco | 93 | 72.09 | 73 | 66.36 | 1.31 | 0.75–2.29 |
| Use of tobacco at the beginning of pregnancy | 54 | 41.86 | 41 | 37.27 | 1.35 | 0.73–2.51 |
| Familial reproductive history | ||||||
| Reproductive problems* | 6 | 4.65 | 7 | 6.36 | 0.72 | 0.24–2.20 |
| Congenital malformations | 5 | 3.88 | 1 | 0.91 | 4.39 | 0.51–38.20 |
| Exposure to domestic pesticides during the ARP | 32 | 24.81 | 20 | 18.18 | 1.08 | 0.63–1.86 |
| Exposure to domestic solvents during the ARP | 15 | 11.63 | 23 | 20.91 | 0.50 | 0.25–1.02 |
| Occupation in the ARP† | ||||||
| Professionals | 2 | 1.55 | 5 | 4.55 | 0.32 | 0.06–1.67 |
| Industry | 22 | 17.05 | 14 | 12.73 | 1.37 | 0.66–2.83 |
| Agriculture | 38 | 29.46 | 23 | 20.91 | 1.81 | 0.97–3.38 |
| Services | 20 | 15.50 | 19 | 17.27 | 0.91 | 0.46–1.81 |
| Construction | 20 | 15.50 | 17 | 15.45 | 1.09 | 0.54–2.21 |
| Other occupations | 63 | 48.84 | 66 | 62.86 | 0.69 | 0.40–1.18 |
| Occupation in the NARP† | ||||||
| Professionals | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 1.82 | – | – |
| Industry | 4 | 3.10 | 5 | 4.55 | 0.69 | 0.18–2.67 |
| Agriculture | 29 | 22.48 | 20 | 18.18 | 1.59 | 0.82–3.10 |
| Services | 3 | 2.33 | 1 | 0.91 | 2.59 | 0.26–25.36 |
| Construction | 4 | 3.10 | 2 | 1.82 | 1.85 | 0.33–10.39 |
| Other occupations | 16 | 12.40 | 11 | 10.00 | 1.05 | 0.44–2.51 |
*Includes problems with having children, repeated abortions, and infertility.
†Reference level includes the total of men except the occupation considered in each case. The sum of the cases and controls can be greater than the total as there were persons who had different jobs in the period considered.
ARP (acute risk period): three months before and one month after the last menstruation; NARP (non‐acute risk period): exposure prior to the ARP.