Table 3 Risks of non‐syndromic oral clefts associated with maternal occupational exposures to organic solvents and to non‐occupational activities involving use of products containing solvents.
| Controls | CL/P | CP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n | OR† | 95% CI | n | OR† | 95% CI | |
| Maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents, among women with an occupational activity during the first trimester (187 controls, 116 CL/P, 57 CP) | |||||||
| Unexposed mothers* | 114 | 55 | ref | 28 | ref | ||
| Oxygenated solvents | 71 | 58 | 1.76 | 1.1 to 2.9 | 28 | 1.42 | 0.7 to 2.7 |
| Aliphatic alcohols | 61 | 49 | 1.76 | 1.0 to 3.1 | 26 | 1.56 | 0.8 to 3.0 |
| Very low–low | 39 | 27 | 1.53 | 0.8 to 2.8 | 13 | 1.20 | 0.5 to 2.6 |
| Medium–high | 22 | 22 | 2.14 | 1.1 to 4.3 | 13 | 2.20 | 1.0 to 5.1 |
| p trend | p = 0.02 | p = 0.10 | |||||
| Glycol ethers | 41 | 37 | 1.88 | 1.1 to 3.5 | 18 | 1.50 | 0.7 to 3.2 |
| Very low | 16 | 10 | 1.30 | 0.5 to 3.1 | 2 | 0.40 | 0.1 to 1.9 |
| Low | 22 | 20 | 1.88 | 0.9 to 3.8 | 12 | 1.83 | 0.8 to 4.4 |
| Medium–high | 3 | 7 | 4.77 | 1.2 to 19.5 | 4 | 4.06 | 0.8 to 20.3 |
| p trend | p<0.01 | p = 0.06 | |||||
| Aliphatic aldehydes, esters, and ketones | 56 | 46 | 1.74 | 1.0 to 2.9 | 28 | 1.82 | 1.0 to 3.5 |
| Very low | 54 | 42 | 1.66 | 1.0 to 2.8 | 28 | ||
| Low–medium–high | 2 | 4 | 4.41 | 0.7 to 26.8 | 0 | ||
| p trend | p = 0.02 | ||||||
| Chlorinated solvents | 3 | 14 | 9.45 | 2.5 to 35.3 | 3 | 3.78 | 0.7 to 20.7 |
| Petroleum solvents | 10 | 17 | 3.64 | 1.5 to 8.8 | 3 | 1.21 | 0.3 to 4.9 |
| Very low–low | 7 | 10 | 3.21 | 1.1 to 9.3 | 3 | ||
| Medium–high | 3 | 7 | 4.60 | 1.1 to 19.2 | 0 | ||
| p trend | p<0.01 | ||||||
| Extra professional activities of the mother (during the first trimester of pregnancy), among all women (236 controls, 164 CL/P, 76 CP) | |||||||
| Hair dyes and bleaching products | |||||||
| No reported use | 217 | 145 | ref | 63 | ref | ||
| Use | 19 | 17 | 1.26 | 0.6 to 2.5 | 12 | 2.29 | 1.0 to 5.1 |
| Painting or varnishing activities | |||||||
| No reported activity | 223 | 151 | ref | 71 | ref | ||
| Yes | 13 | 13 | 1.57 | 0.7 to 3.5 | 4 | 1.00 | 0.3 to 3.2 |
*Unexposed mothers are women who reported an occupational activity during the first trimester for which the expert assessed no exposure to any the three chemical classes of organic solvents (oxygenated, chlorinated, and petroleum).
†Logistic regression adjusted for centre (Rhône‐Alpes, Paris, Auvergne), child's sex, and mother's geographic origin (Europe, other).
CL/P, cleft lip with/without cleft palate; CP, cleft palate.
n, number; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
p trend = p value of the likelihood ratio test between models with and without the categorical level of exposure included as continuous variable. For each reported p trend, the test of the linearity assumption based on the comparison between the model including the exposure level as categorical and continuous variable, has not been rejected.