Table 3.
Bivariatea associations of limitations by dyspnoea and airflow limitation with quality of life in middle-aged male smokers.
| Limitations by dyspnoea graded by MRC scale | Airflow limitation graded by GOLD staging | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quality of life components | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| Generic questionnaire (SF-36) | ||||
| Physical functioning | 8.4 | 4.6 to 15.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 to 1.5 |
| Role functioning (physical) | 2.9 | 2.0 to 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 to 1.1 |
| Bodily pain | 1.7 | 1.2 to 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 to 1.1 |
| General health | 7.0 | 1.0 to 47.5 | 1.0 | 0.7 to 1.4 |
| Vitality | 8.3 | 1.2 to 55.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 to 1.4 |
| Social functioning | 2.1 | 1.5 to 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 to 1.2 |
| Role functioning (emotional) | 2.5 | 1.7 to 3.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 to 1.0 |
| Mental health | 2.6 | 1.5 to 4.7 | 1.1 | 0.9 to 1.4 |
| Disease specific questionnaire (QOLRIQ) | ||||
| Total score | 6.0 | 3.8 to 9.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 to 1.6 |
| Breathing problems | 3.7 | 2.2 to 6.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 to 1.8 |
| Physical problems | 4.5 | 2.9 to 7.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 to 1.2 |
| Emotions | 4.7 | 3.1 to 7.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 to 1.3 |
| General activities | 3.2 | 2.2 to 4.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 to 1.3 |
| Situations triggering or enhancing breathing problems | 2.9 | 2.0 to 4.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 to 1.5 |
| Daily and domestic activities | 11.1 | 6.3 to 19.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 to 1.6 |
| Social activities, relationships sexuality | 3.5 | 2.3 to 5.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 to 1.5 |
a
ORs are obtained from logistic regression analysis using MRC scale and GOLD stages as independent variables and dichotomised scores of the QOL components as separate dependent variables. GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines; MRC = Medical Research Council; OR = odds ratio; QOLRIQ = quality of life in respiratory illness questionnaire.