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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Jul 19;91(2-3):279–288. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.008

Table 2.

Hierarchical models of hazard of substance dependence symptom onset across ages 11–22 (N=2,956), including demographic predictors (Model 1), adversities (Models 2 – 4) and prior mood and conduct problems (Model 5).

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5
Demographic characteristics1
 Tribe (NP) 1.68 (1.39–2.04) 1.68 (1.39–2.03) 1.65 (1.36–2.00) 1.65 (1.36–2.00) 1.64 (1.31–2.06)
 Gender (male) 2.29 (1.89–2.78) 2.34 (1.93–2.84) 2.51 (2.05–3.07) 2.52 (2.06–3.07) 2.59 (1.97–3.39)
 Gender by Tribe (NP male) .74 (.58–.95) .73 (.56–.95) .72 (.56–.92) .72 (.56–.92) .76 (.57–1.01)
Prior Adversities2
 Proximal3 2.23 (1.95–2.55) 1.79 (1.55–2.06) 2.44 (1.91–3.11) 2.46 (1.90–3.18)
 Cumulative Distal4 1.23 (1.18–1.29) 1.27 (1.22–1.32) 1.28 (1.19–1.39)
 Proximal by Cumulative Distal .90 (.83–.97) .89 (.82–.96)
Prior Mood Disorder2 3.86 (2.05–7.24)
Childhood Conduct Problems1 1.26 (1.08–1.47)
Sample-size adjusted BIC 7,007 6,933 6,843 6,842 6,802
1

Gender, tribe, and conduct problems were time-invariant covariates

2

Adversities and previous mood symptoms were time-varying covariates

3

Proximal adversity was coded 1 in each age period if 1 or more adversities occurred 1 year before the age period and prior to the onset of first substance dependence symptoms and coded 0 if no adversities were reported within this period.

4

Distal adversities at each age period were the total number of adversities first occurring more than 1 year prior to the age period and prior to the onset of first substance dependence symptoms; counts of more than 5 were truncated at 5.