Table 3 Analysis of gene‐environment interactions (all cases versus controls) after adjustment*.
| Genetic polymorphisms | Candidate genotype | Exposure† | Multiplicative interaction | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low vs high | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |||
| CYP2D6 | *4*4 | Solvents | 1.65 (0.37 to 7.36) | 0.51 |
| CYP1B1 | *3*3 | Solvents | 1.15 (0.49 to 2.69) | 0.75 |
| GSTM1 | Null | Solvents | 1.76 (0.91 to 3.41) | 0.09 |
| GSTT1 | Null | Solvents | 0.81 (0.35 to 1.89) | 0.63 |
| GSTM3 | AB/BB | Solvents | 0.93 (0.45 to 1.91) | 0.84 |
| GSTP1 haplotype | AB, AC, AD, BB, BC,CC | Solvents | 1.53 (0.79 to 2.96) | 0.21 |
| NQO1 | *1*2/*2*2 | Solvents | 0.54 (0.27 to 1.11) | 0.09 |
| SOD2 Val9Ala | AV | Solvents | 1.74 (0.72 to 4.23) | 0.46** |
| VV | Solvents | 1.60 (0.60 to 4.24) | ||
| NAT2 | FS/SS | Solvents | 2.31 (0.61 to 8.77) | 0.22 |
| CYP2D6 | *4*4 | Pesticides | 1.61 (0.40 to 6.46) | 0.50 |
| PON1 L55M | LM/LL | Pesticides | 4.43 (0.88 to 22.31) | 0.07 |
| PON1 Q192R | QR/RR | Pesticides | 1.56 (0.70 to 3.44) | 0.27 |
| GSTM1 | Null | Pesticides | 0.65 (0.29 to 1.43) | 0.28 |
| GSTT1 | Null | Pesticides | 1.29 (0.42 to 3.94) | 0.65 |
| GSTM3 | AB/BB | Pesticides | 1.41 (0.60 to 3.30) | 0.43 |
| GSTP1 haplotype | AC/AD/BC/CC | Pesticides | 2.47 (0.63 to 9.73) | 0.20 |
| NQO1 | *1*2/*2*2 | Pesticides | 1.20 (0.54 to 2.66) | 0.66 |
| CYP1B1 | *3*3 | Pesticides | 0.57 (0.18 to 1.91) | 0.37 |
| NAT2 | FS/SS | Pesticides | 1.70 (0.48 to 6.07) | 0.42 |
| GSTM1 | Null | Iron | 0.94 (0.48 to 1.83) | 0.85 |
| CYP1B1 | *3*3 | Iron | 1.53 (0.61 to 3.83) | 0.37 |
| SOD2 Val9Ala | AV | Iron | 0.67 (0.29 to 1.55) | 0.64** |
| VV | Iron | 0.75 (0.31 to 1.84) | ||
| NAT2 | FS/SS | Iron | 1.45 (0.39 to 5.40) | 0.58 |
| SOD2 Val9Ala | AV | Copper | 0.78 (0.30 to 2.04) | 0.66** |
| VV | Copper | 1.20 (0.40 to 3.55) | ||
| CYP2D6 | *4*4 | Manganese | 1.27 (0.28 to 5.80) | 0.76 |
| NQO1 | *1*2/*2*2 | Manganese | 1.09 (0.53 to 2.22) | 0.82 |
| CYP1B1 | *3*3 | Manganese | 1.75 (0.68 to 4.52) | 0.25 |
| SOD2 Val9Ala | AV | Manganese | 0.75 (0.31 to 1.82) | 0.60** |
| VV | Manganese | 1.13 (0.44 to 2.92). |
*Logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, country, ever used tobacco containing product, ever knocked unconscious and first degree family history of Parkinson's disease. MAO‐A and MAO‐B are not adjusted for sex but are presented for males and females separately.
**For three category factors p value for trend derived from logistic regression coding genetic factors as 0, 1 and 2 variable.
†Cut‐offs for low/high exposure: solvents/iron/manganese: 20% of an OEL (AAI); pesticides/copper: 2% of an OEL (AAI).