Table 5 Multivariate associations (adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) for general and work‐related asthma/rhinitis, and risk factors, São Paulo Metropolitan Area, 2003.
| Total | Reference* | Asthma/rhinitis | Asthma† | Rhinitis‡ | Work‐related asthma/rhinitis¶ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 341 | (n = 209) | (n = 132) | OR (95% CI) | (n = 39) | OR (95% CI) | (n = 118) | OR (95% CI) | (n = 34) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 96 | 66 | 30 | 1.00 | 11 | 1.00 | 24 | 1.00 | 6 | 1.00 |
| Female | 245 | 143 | 102 | 1.90 (1.12 to 3.28) | 28 | 1.50 (0.68 to 3.51) | 94 | 2.07 (1.20 to 3.70) | 28 | 2.20 (0.88 to 6.33) |
| Atopy | ||||||||||
| No | 146 | 104 | 42 | 1.00 | 10 | 1.00 | 39 | 1.00 | 11 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 195 | 105 | 90 | 2.18 (1.37 to 3.49) | 29 | 2.91 (1.36 to 6.71) | 79 | 2.06 (1.28 to 3.35) | 23 | 2.02 (0.93 to 4.60) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Non‐smokers | 204 | 134 | 70 | 1.00 | 17 | 1.00 | 65 | 1.00 | 19 | 1.00 |
| Former smokers | 58 | 32 | 26 | 1.92 (1.01 to 3.64) | 6 | 1.69 (0.54 to 4.80) | 24 | 1.91 (1.00 to 3.67) | 6 | 1.51 (0.50 to 4.12) |
| Current smokers | 79 | 43 | 36 | 1.78 (1.02 to 3.13) | 16 | 3.20 (1.43 to 7.24) | 29 | 1.50 (0.83 to 2.72) | 9 | 1.48 (0.56 to 3.70) |
| Number of years of employment in non‐domestic cleaning | ||||||||||
| 1st quartile (up to 0.92) | 86 | 55 | 31 | 1.00 | 9 | 1.00 | 26 | 1.00 | 1 | 1.00 |
| 2nd quartile (>0.92 to 3) | 87 | 49 | 38 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.07) | 12 | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.09) | 34 | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.07) | 7 | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.18) |
| 3rd quartile (>3 to 6.5) | 84 | 51 | 33 | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.22) | 10 | 1.00 (0.75 to 1.29) | 30 | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.23) | 12 | 1.28 (1.01 to 1.63) |
| 4th quartile (>6.5) | 84 | 54 | 30 | 1.07 (0.75 to 1.52) | 8 | 1.00 (0.54 to 1.74) | 28 | 1.10 (0.77 to 1.57) | 14 | 1.71 (1.02 to 2.89) |
| Inhalation accidents | ||||||||||
| Never | 305 | 191 | 114 | 1.00 | 31 | 1.00 | 102 | 1.00 | 29 | 1.00 |
| At some time in the past | 36 | 18 | 18 | 1.49 (0.71 to 3.10) | 8 | 2.68 (0.96 to 7.10) | 16 | 1.49 (0.70 to 3.15) | 5 | 1.50 (0.44 to 4.36) |
Multiple logistic regression analyses were adjusted for all listed variables and each 5 years of age.
*Subjects without any airway symptoms.
†Score ⩾5.20
‡Self‐reported sneezing or runny or blocked nose, without cold or flu over the past 12 months.
¶Work‐related asthma: asthmatic with new‐onset wheezing after starting as non‐domestic cleaning worker, and cleaning‐related lower airway symptoms. Work‐related rhinitis: rhinitic with new‐onset nasal symptoms after starting as non‐domestic cleaning worker, and cleaning‐related upper airway symptoms.