Table 3.
The estimated y = 2rt and x = 4Nr represent parameters t and N scaled by silent substitution rate r per site per generation
| Human vs. | Moment method, % | ML, % |
|---|---|---|
| Human (y = 0.000) | x̂ = 0.08 | x̂ = 0.08 |
| Chimpanzee | x̂ + ŷ = 1.57 | x̂ = 0.76 ŷ = 0.9 |
| Gorilla | x̂ + ŷ = 1.79 | x̂ = 0.22 ŷ = 1.6 |
| OWM | x̂ + ŷ = 8.17 | x̂ = 2.0 ŷ = 6.2 |
| NWM | x̂ = 4.4 ŷ = 12.7 | x̂ = 6.1 ŷ = 11.4 |
The moment method could not estimate x and y separately in comparison of the middle three. The generation time g of ancestral primates is uncertain, but presently it is 7-14 years in the chimpanzees and gorilla, and 3.5-4 years in the OWM (27). These generation times were used in text to estimate N from x̂. The data sources are described in ref. 13 in addition to the following genes retrieved from the GenBank and EMBL database: chimpanzee, carbonic anhydrase I (CAI), triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), β2-microglobulin (β2m), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), interleukin 3 (IL3), urate oxidase (UO), protamine 1 (P1), protamine 2 (P2), ζ-globin, epididymal secretory protein precursor (EPI1), eosinophyil cationic protein (ECP), and neurotoxin; gorilla, CAI, β2m, UO, P1, P2, and α-fetoprotein (AFP), ECP, neurotoxin, and ɛ-globin; OWM, ɛ-globin, apolipoprotein CII (ApoCII), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), p53, chorionic gonadtropin (CG) subunit, urokinase plasminogen (UKP), c-mos, TGF, TPI, UO, P2, IL3, FIX, CAI, ADH, TFα, ATI, amyloidβ, ApoA1, ApoA2, ApoA4, ApoBLDL, CD4, Prosep, ApoC3, EP, FSHR, HSDI, IL11, KAL, PBP, SOM, SPC, PRL, Amylin, GH, Histon1 (H1t), INFG, IL10, IL4, IL6, Lysozyme, PLSM, PROS, ALB, TRD, and PON; NWM, δ-globin, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR), corticosteroid-binding globulin (CSBG), CD59, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGAT), α-1-3-galactosyltransferase (α-1-3-GT), insulin, and β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (β-HD). The number (n) of synonymous sites is generally more than 200 for most sequence pairs. A table for the estimated number of silent substitutions and the number of nucleotide sites at individual loci is available upon request.