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(Section numbers run consecutively through Parts I and II) |
1.0 |
Introduction |
2.0 |
Definition and Overview of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders |
2.1 |
Classification |
2.2 |
Prevalence |
3.0 |
The Questions Addressed in this Review |
4.0 |
Methods |
4.1 |
Inclusion and Exclusion |
4.2 |
Literature Search |
5.0 |
Circadian Rhythm Biology |
5.1 |
General Principles |
5.2 |
Assessment Strategies Based on Basic Circadian Science: Circadian Phase Markers |
5.3 |
Assessment Strategies Based on Behavioral Science |
5.3.1 |
Sleep Logs and Diaries. |
5.3.2 |
Actigraphy |
5.3.3 |
The “Morningness -Eveningness Questionnaire” (MEQ). |
5.4 |
Treatment of CRSDs Based on Circadian Rhythm Science |
5.4.1 |
Prescribed Sleep Scheduling |
5.4.2 |
Circadian Phase Shifting with Timed Light Exposure |
5.4.3 |
Circadian Phase Shifting with Timed Melatonin Administration. |
5.4.4 |
Other Phase-Shifting Treatments |
5.4.5 |
Symptomatic Treatment: Counteracting Insomnia |
5.4.6 |
Symptomatic Treatment: Counteracting Excessive Sleepiness |
6.0 |
Shift Work Disorder |
6.1 |
Diagnostic Issues |
6.2 |
Risk Factors |
6.2.1 |
Age |
6.2.2 |
Gender |
6.2.3 |
Timed Light Exposure |
6.2.4 |
Familial (genetic) Predisposition |
6.3 |
Assessment Tools |
6.3.1 |
Sleep Logs and Diaries |
6.3.2 |
The “Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire” |
6.3.3 |
Actigraphy |
6.3.4 |
Polysomnography |
6.3.5 |
Phase markers |
6.3.5.1 |
Core body temperature rhythm |
6.3.5.2 |
Melatonin rhythm |
6.4 |
Treatment |
6.4.1 |
Prescribed Sleep/Wake Scheduling |
6.4.2 |
Circadian Phase Shifting |
6.4.2.1 |
Timed light exposure |
6.4.2.2 |
Timed melatonin administration |
6.4.2.3 |
Promoting sleep with hypnotic medication |
6.4.2.4 |
Promoting alertness with stimulant medication |
7.0 |
Jet Lag Disorder |
7.1 |
Diagnostic Issues |
7.2 |
Risk Factors |
7.2.1 |
Age |
7.2.2 |
Gender |
7.2.3 |
Light Exposure |
7.2.4 |
Familial (genetic) Predisposition |
7.2.5 |
Miscellaneous Risk Factors |
7.3 |
Assessment Tools |
7.3.1 |
Questionnaires |
7.3.2 |
Actigraphy |
7.3.3 |
Polysomnography |
7.3.4 |
Phase Markers |
7.4 |
Treatment |
7.4.1 |
Prescribed Sleep Scheduling |
7.4.2 |
Circadian Phase Shifting |
7.4.2.1 |
Timed light exposure |
7.4.2.2 |
Timed melatonin administration |
7.4.2.3 |
Promoting sleep with hypnotic medication |
7.4.2.4 |
Promoting alertness with stimulant medication |
7.4.2.5 |
Miscellaneous |
8.0 |
Discussion |