Table 2 Consideration of key risk factors in the studies.

Risk factor	DePanfilis and Zuravin (1999a)10	DePanfilis and Zuravin (2002)13	DePanfilis and Zuravin (2001)12	Littel (2001)19	DePanfilis and Zuravin (1999b)11	Littel et al (2002)20	Rittner (2002)22	Wood (1997)25	Swanston et al (2002)24	English et al (1999)14	Fluke et al (1999)15	Johnson and L'Esperance (1984)18	Fryer and Miyoshi (1994)16	Rivara (1985)23	Herrenkohl et al (1979)17	Murphy et al (1992)21
Type of abuse (neglect v abuse)	−	−	0	0	+	0	0	0	0	0	+	0	+	0	−	−
Increased no. of previous episodes	−	−	0	0	0	+	+	+	+	+	+	0	0	0	0	+
Parental conflict	+	+	0	0	0	0	0	0	+	+	0	0	0	0	0	0
Parental mental health problems	0	0	0	0	0	0	+	0	+	+	0	0	0	0	0	+
Shorter time since abuse	0	0	+	0	+	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	+	+	0	0
Control for confounding factors	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Quality score	12	12	11	11	10	10	10	10	9	9	9	9	8	6	4	4

+ positive evidence of risk factor in the paper.

− negative evidence of risk factor in the paper.

0 not assessed in the paper.