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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007 May 4;64(2):159–171. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.03.001

Table 1.

EPO Effects in Hematopoietic and Nervous Systems

Hematopoietic Nervous system
EPO-R Erythroid progenitor cells
(Not RBC)		 Neural progenitor cells (NPC)
Neurons
(endothelial cells)
EPO source Kidney; liver
Hypoxia inducible		 Astrocyte; neuron
Hypoxia inducible
EPO signaling JAK2/STAT5
PI3K/AKT		 JAK2/STAT5
PI3K/AKT
NF-κB
EPO activity Required CFU-E survival
Proliferation
Differentiation		 Anti-apoptotic (neuron)
Proliferation (NPC)
Exogenous EPO Treatment for anemia Neuroprotective in animal
models and first clinical trial in
humans