Table 3.

Linear probability model estimates for having a low GPA

Independent variable	Random effects			Fixed effects
	d	t-stat	P	d	t-stat	P
Maltreatment index	0.062**	3.20	0.001	0.059*	2.34	0.020
Male (1 = yes; 0 = no)	0.022	0.76	0.449	0.048	0.39	0.695
Age (Years)	0.008	1.00	0.319	0.005	0.46	0.642
Race/Ethnicity
Black, non-Hispanic	0.200	0.38	0.706
Hispanic	−0.050	−0.88	0.379
Other	−0.107*	−2.56	0.010
Adjusted family income ÷ 10,000	−0.003	−0.92	0.357
Mother's educational attainment
Completed high school	−0.049	−0.61	0.544
Completed college	−0.147	−1.58	0.115
Mother's marital status
Married	0.020	0.26	0.797
Widowed, divorced, or separated	−0.001	−0.01	0.989
Low birthweight	−0.031	−0.63	0.529	0.089	1.05	0.292
Birth parents living with youth
Mother only	0.076	1.80	0.071	0.173	1.67	0.095
Father only	−0.054	−0.69	0.490	−0.256	−1.12	0.261
Neither mother or father	−0.061	−0.77	0.444	−0.058	−0.34	0.731
PPVT score	−0.005***	−3.65	0.000	−0.006**	−2.92	0.004
Probability at sample means	0.293
Hausman: F(1,1758)	0.00	0.984

Notes: Reference categories are white non-Hispanic race, mother did not complete high school, mother never married, and lives with both birth parents. Coefficients for indicators of missing mother's education and marital status are not shown. Estimates are probability weighted.

^*P<.05

^**P<.01

^***P<.001