Table 2 Cardiovascular manifestations of Marfan's syndrome¹¹,¹³,²³,²⁴,²⁵,²⁶,²⁷,²⁸,²⁹,³⁰,³¹,³²,³³,³⁴,³⁵,³⁶,³⁷,³⁸.

Lesion/feature	Symptoms	Frequency	Complications	Comments
Aortic root dilatation	None	60–80%11,28,30,31,37	Aortic dissection	Dissection rare in children <10 years old
Pulmonary artery dilatation	None	76%35	Dissection rare	Diagnostic feature in those <40 years old
Mitral regurgitation/prolapse/annular calcification	Palpitations	52–68%29	Arrhythmias	Regurgitation may be intermittent
	Chest pain dyspnoea		Endocarditis
			Ventricular dysfunction
Descending aorta dilatation	None		Aortic dissection	Rare in childhood
Endothelial dysfunction/abnormal aorta elasticity	None	80–100%32,36	Increased vascular stiffness	May contribute to dissection risk
Tricuspid valve prolapse	None unless severe	4%30	May progress requiring repair	Severe disease uncommon except in infantile type
		36% in infantile type37
Left ventricular dysfunction	Dyspnoea	Up to 100%	Diastolic. May be progressive to systolic dysfunction	May occur despite normal valves
	Reduced exercise tolerance	Severity varies26,27
Arrhythmias	Palpitations	Up to 20–30%23,24,25	May cause sudden death	Associated with ventricular dilatation
	Collapse
	Chest pain
Coronary artery aneurysm	Myocardial infarction	<1%34	Only described in adults
Atrial septal defect	None	4%38	May need surgical repair	More common than in normal population