Table 2 Studies of smear and M tuberculosis culture using gastric aspirate, sputum induction, laryngeal swab and nasopharyngeal aspirate.
| Study/country | Date | Method | Sample | Smear +ve (%) | Culture +ve (%) | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Starke,11 USA | 1984–7 | GA | 110 | * | 39 | Included both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease |
| Vallejo,12 USA | 1985–92 | GA | 47 | * | 75 | Infants <1 year |
| Schaaf,13 South Africa | 1991 | GA | 235 | * | 43 | Mediastinal lymphadenopathy and bronchial obstruction associated with TB |
| Garay,14 Zimbabwe | 1993–4 | GA | 115 | <1 | 45 | Lobar consolidation associated with HIV infection |
| Lloyd,6 Uganda | 1966–7 | GA LS | 60 | Few | 28 63 | If 13 extrapulmonary cases were excluded culture rates would have been even higher |
| Thakur,7 India | 1997 | LS | 51 | 14 | 27 | Smear/culture rate 33% |
| Shata,4 Malawi | 1994 | SI | 29 | 14 | 24 | Smear/culture rate 28% |
| Zar,5 South Africa | 2000–2 | GA SI | 250 250 | 7 10 | 15 20 | Smear/culture rate: GA 16%, SI 22% |
| Franchi,8 Peru | 1998 | GA NPA | 64 64 | 14 17 | 37 30 | PCR positive in 27% of GA and 28% of NPA |
| Iriso,15 Uganda | 2000 | SI | 101 | 12 | 30 | Included both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease |
| Owens, Uganda | 2004 | SI NPA | 94 94 | 10 8 | 22 24 | Smear/culture rate for SI+NPA 27%. Sensitivity for PCR on NPA samples 62% |
GA, gastric aspirate; LS, laryngeal swab; NPA, nasopharyngeal aspirate; SI, sputum induction.
*Smear negative or not mentioned.