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Simulated APs at 1-Hz pacing rate (A) and APD-frequency relations (B) in βGal and CaMKIIδc-overexpressing cardiac myocytes. The separate effects of each CaMKII-induced current alteration, as well as their combined impact, have been considered. CaMKII alteration of INa prolongs the AP at slow heart rate, with no effects at a 2-Hz pacing. The APD is reduced by Ito and increased by ICa at all frequencies. The predicted overall effect of CaMKII is AP shortening.
