Fractalkine does not produce acute effect on synaptic transmission in the spinal cord. (a) Patch clamp recording in lamina II neurons of the isolated spinal cord slices shows spontaneous excitatory synaptic current (sEPSC) before, during, and after bath application of fractalkine (20 ng/ml, 5 min). (b, c) High magnification shows sEPSC before (a) and after (b) fractalkine (20 ng/ml) application. (d, e) Effects of fractalkine on the frequency (d) and amplitude (e) of mEPSC. Data are presented as the ratio of pre-treatment value. P>0.05, paired t-test, n=3.