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1-D “spring and dashpot” representation of the adaptive QLV model, a parallel combination of nonlinear springs and dashpots where the spring stiffnesses and dashpot coefficients are functions of overall strain and not their individual strain. So is the initial cross section of specimen, lo is the initial length of specimen, loVi is the displacement of the hypothetical spring and ε and σ are uniaxial, linearized strain and stress, respectively.
