Table 1. Cell types and signaling-pathway components participating in bone metabolism that have been found to be associated with arteries, plaque, and / or arterial calcification.

Name
Cell Type
Chondrocyte
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Proteins
BGP (osteocalcin)
MGP
OPN
ON
ALP
BSP
Signaling components
BMP-2
BMP-4
BMP-6
BMP receptor
CSF-1 (M-CSF)
CSF-1R (c-fms)
RANKL
RANK
OPG
TNF-α
TNF-α receptor
Transcription factors
Cbfa 1
Sox9
Msx2
Other
Matrix vesicles
Hydroxyapatite

BGP, bone Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein; MGP, matrix Gla protein; OPN, osteopontin; ON, osteonectin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BSP, bone sialoprotein; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; CSF-1, colony-stimulating factor 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB; RANKL, RANK ligand. OPG is also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF), TNF receptor-related molecule 1 (TR-1), follicular dendritic cell receptor 1 (FDCR-1), and TNF superfamily receptor 11B (TNFRSF-11B). Alternative names for RANKL include OPG-ligand (OPG-L), osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), stromal osteoclast-forming activity (SOFA), and TNF superfamily 11 (TNFSF-11). RANK has been termed osteoclast differentiation and activation receptor (ODAR), and TNF superfamily receptor 11A (TNFRSF-11A). Standardized nomenclature recommended by the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research is OPG, RANKL, and RANK.