SDF-1α induces expression of TNF-α, IL-1, RANTES, and TNFR2 in primary astrocytes. (a) SDF-1α induces TNF-α, IL-1, and RANTES mRNA expression in primary astrocytes. Astrocytes were incubated with or without SDF-1α for the indicated periods of time. RNA was prepared and analyzed by RPA using cytokine and chemokine probe sets. Unprotected probe bands are indicated with arrows on the right and protected bands are shown with arrows on the left. Data represent four experiments. (b) SDF-1α stimulates TNF-α protein expression in primary astrocytes. Astrocytes in 12-well plates were incubated with or without SDF-1α for the indicated periods of time. TNF-α concentration in the culture medium was quantitated using the Mu TNF-α Cytokine Direct ELISA Kit. TNF-α concentration obtained from triplicate wells is shown as the mean ± SD. Data represent three independent experiments. (c) SDF-1α induces TNFR2 expression in primary astrocytes. Astrocytes were incubated with or without SDF-1α for the indicated periods of time. RNA was prepared and analyzed by RPA. Unprotected probe bands are indicated with arrows on the left and protected bands are shown with arrows on the right. Data represent three experiments.