TNF-α mediates SDF-1α–induced IL-1 and RANTES expression and NF-κB activation in primary astrocytes. (a) CHX suppresses SDF-1α–induced gene expression in astrocytes. Astrocytes were incubated with or without CHX (50 μg) for 1 hour followed by SDF-1α stimulation for 2 hours. RNA was then prepared and analyzed with RPA. Protected bands are shown with arrows on the right. Data represent four experiments. (b) TNF-α mediates SDF-1α–induced NF-κB activation. Astrocytes were incubated with either SDF-1α (lanes 2–4) for 2 hours in the presence or absence of 5 μg/ml of anti-murine TNF-α (pTNF, lane 2), 2 μg/ml of anti-murine IL-1α and IL-1β (pIL1, lane 3), or 2 μg/ml TNF-α (lane 5), or 2.5 ng/ml IL-1β (lane 6). Whole-cell extracts were then prepared and analyzed by EMSA with the IP-10 κB2 probe. Data represent three experiments.