Figure 6.

(a) Inhibition of Smad7 protein by a specific Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide in CD mucosal tissue results in increased p-Smad3 and decreased tissue TNF-α and IFN-γ. The example is representative of four separate experiments, in each of which inflamed mucosal tissue from one CD patient was used. Identical results were seen in each patient. (b) Addition of a neutralizing TGF-β1 antibody decreases but does not abrogate the Smad7 antisense effect on both p-Smad3 and cytokine expression. The example is representative of three separate experiments, in each of which, inflamed mucosal tissue from one CD patient was used. Identical results were seen in each patient.