Posttraumatic passive and active immunization with MBP after spinal cord contusion. Passive transfer (a) of MBP-reactive T cells (T-MBP), immediately after spinal cord contusion, conferred significant neuroprotection in female Lewis rats (n = 6), whereas active immunization (b) with MBP (100 μg/rat) emulsified in IFA, immediately after the contusion, had a smaller effect that was not statistically significant (n = 5). This result suggests that the autoimmune response evoked by posttraumatic vaccination with IFA is not sufficient (in its timing or extent) to significantly affect functional recovery after ISCI (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, two-tailed Student’s t test).