Table 1 .

Causes of bronchiectasis and associated conditions

Cause	Details or associated conditions
Post-infectious damage	Tuberculosis, whooping cough, non-tuberculous mycobacteria
Mechanical obstruction	Intrinsic (tumour or foreign body), extrinsic (lymph node)
Congenital	Defective bronchial wall, pulmonary sequestration
Inflammatory pneumonitis	Aspiration of gastric contents, inhalation of toxic gases
Excessive immune response	Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, lung transplant rejection, chronic graft versus host disease
Abnormal mucous clearance	Primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis, Young's syndrome
Fibrosis	Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, sarcoidosis
Diffuse panbronchiolitis	Predominantly seen in Japanese patients
Deficient immune response	Hypogammaglobulinaemia, human immunodeficiency
Infertility	Cystic fibrosis, Young's syndrome, primary ciliary dyskinesia
Inflammatory bowel disease	Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, coeliac disease
Connective tissue disease	Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Malignancy	Acute or chronic lymphatic leukaemia
Yellow nail syndrome	Discoloured nails, lymphoedema, pleural effusions
α1 antiproteinase deficiency	More commonly causes emphysema
Mercury poisoning	May cause Young's syndrome