TABLE 2.
Antimicrobial resistance by year for Salmonella (1997 to 2000)
| Class and antimicrobial | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistant, | Tested, | Resistant, | Tested, | Resistant, | Tested, | Resistant, | Tested, | Resistant, | Tested, | |
| n (%) | n | n (%) | n | n (%) | n | n (%) | n | n (%) | n | |
| Amphenicols | 211 (9.4) | 2247 | 286 (26) | 1109 | 430 (32) | 1362 | 360 (30) | 1197 | 1287 (22) | 5915 |
| Chloramphenicol | ||||||||||
| Aminoglycosides | 0 (0.0) | 1917 | 0 (0.0) | 605 | 1 (0.12) | 847 | 0 (0.0) | 779 | 1 (0.02) | 4148 |
| Amikacin | ||||||||||
| Gentamicin | 104 (5.2) | 2014 | 19 (3.1) | 619 | 26 (2.5) | 1053 | 20 (1.6) | 1245 | 169 (3.4) | 4931 |
| Netilmicin | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 21 | 0 (0.0) | 33 | 0 (0.0) | 30 | 0 (0.0) | 87 |
| Streptomycin | –* | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 8 | 484 (65) | 739 | 484 (65) | 747 |
| Tobramycin | 77 (4.0) | 1923 | 11 (1.8) | 619 | 20 (2.3) | 856 | 8 (1.0) | 787 | 116 (2.8) | 4185 |
| Penicillins | ||||||||||
| Extended-spectrum penicillins | ||||||||||
| Ampicillin | 359 (16) | 2260 | 340 (29) | 1153 | 521 (37) | 1427 | 484 (35) | 1375 | 1704 (27) | 6215 |
| Carbenicillin | 21 (9.8) | 215 | 70 (16) | 438 | 64 (15) | 424 | 93 (22) | 432 | 248 (16) | 1509 |
| Mezlocillin | 1 (33) | 3 | 2 (9.5) | 21 | 4 (12) | 33 | 4 (13) | 30 | 11 (13) | 87 |
| Piperacillin | 319 (17) | 1926 | 265 (37) | 713 | 431 (44) | 978 | 381 (41) | 926 | 1396 (31) | 4543 |
| Ticarcillin | 320 (17) | 1919 | 265 (38) | 699 | 428 (45) | 958 | 373 (46) | 811 | 1386 (32) | 4387 |
| Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations | ||||||||||
| Amoxicillin/K clavulanate | 31 (9.4) | 330 | 83 (13) | 627 | 75 (13) | 600 | 110 (18) | 617 | 299 (14) | 2174 |
| Ampicillin/sulbactam | 6 (8.5) | 71 | 2 (9.5) | 21 | 4 (12) | 33 | 18 (14) | 133 | 30 (12) | 258 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 8 | 6 (1.2) | 487 | 6 (1.2) | 495 |
| Ticarcillin/K clavulanate | 4 (8.9) | 45 | 16 (9.1) | 175 | 15 (9.3) | 161 | 8 (11) | 70 | 43 (9.5) | 451 |
| Other beta-lactams | ||||||||||
| Cephalosporins and related substances | ||||||||||
| First generation | ||||||||||
| Cefazolin | 5 (5.1) | 99 | 3 (3.2) | 95 | 3 (5.9) | 51 | 2 (4.6) | 44 | 13 (4.5) | 289 |
| Cephalothin | 117 (5.3) | 2201 | 46 (4.4) | 1057 | 56 (4.3) | 1295 | 62 (5.0) | 1243 | 281 (4.9) | 5796 |
| Second generation | ||||||||||
| Cefamandole | 3 (7.7) | 39 | 7 (12) | 60 | 3 (100) | 3 | 1 (25) | 4 | 14 (13) | 106 |
| Cefotetan | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 21 | 0 (0.0) | 33 | 0 (0.0) | 30 | 0 (0.0) | 87 |
| Cefoxitin | 4 (0.21) | 1918 | 6 (0.97) | 619 | 26 (3.0) | 855 | 20 (2.6) | 785 | 56 (1.3) | 4177 |
| Cefuroxime (oral) | 1 (11) | 9 | 8 (28) | 29 | 4 (12) | 33 | 6 (20) | 30 | 19 (19) | 101 |
| Cefuroxime (parenteral) | 11 (9.6) | 115 | 3 (4.1) | 74 | 0 (0.0) | 11 | 0 (0.0) | 6 | 14 (6.8) | 206 |
| Cefonicid | 3 (1.4) | 215 | 23 (5.3) | 438 | 3 (1.6) | 191 | – | 0 | 29 (3.4) | 844 |
| Loracarbef | 0 (0.0) | 68 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 68 |
| Third generation | ||||||||||
| Cefoperazone | 1 (33) | 3 | 2 (9.5) | 21 | 4 (12) | 33 | 4 (13) | 30 | 11 (13) | 87 |
| Cefotaxime | 2 (0.10) | 2001 | 1 (0.18) | 559 | 15 (1.8) | 845 | 11 (1.3) | 873 | 29 (0.68) | 4278 |
| Cefpodoxime | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 40 | 1 (2.5) | 40 | 1 (1.1) | 88 |
| Ceftazidime | 2 (0.10) | 1926 | 2 (0.28) | 713 | 20 (2.0) | 980 | 23 (2.5) | 925 | 47 (1.0) | 4544 |
| Ceftizoxime | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 21 | 0 (0.0) | 33 | 0 (0.0) | 30 | 0 (0.0) | 87 |
| Ceftriaxone | 1 (0.3) | 329 | 3 (0.48) | 627 | 0 (0.0) | 600 | 6 (0.97) | 617 | 10 (0.46) | 2173 |
| Cefixime | 2 (2.9) | 68 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 2 (2.9) | 68 |
| Fourth generation | ||||||||||
| Cefepime | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 103 | 0 (0.0) | 103 |
| Monobactams | ||||||||||
| Aztreonam | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 21 | 0 (0.0) | 33 | 2 (1.5) | 133 | 2 (1.1) | 190 |
| Carbapenems | ||||||||||
| Imipenem | 1 (1.9) | 52 | 0 (0.0) | 189 | 3 (1.7) | 175 | 2 (1.1) | 185 | 6 (1.0) | 601 |
| Meropenem | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 33 | 0 (0.0) | 32 | 0 (0.0) | 173 |
| Sulfonamides and trimethoprim | ||||||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole | 43 (33) | 129 | 30 (42) | 72 | 23 (62) | 37 | 358 (48) | 741 | 454 (46) | 979 |
| Sulfisoxazole | – | 0 | – | 0 | 7 (78) | 9 | 5 (29) | 17 | 12 (46) | 26 |
| Trimethoprim | 3 (4.2) | 71 | 0 (0.0) | 20 | 6 (14) | 42 | 1 (2.1) | 47 | 10 (5.6) | 180 |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 38 (1.7) | 2257 | 19 (1.7) | 1118 | 34 (2.4) | 1407 | 44 (3.3) | 1342 | 135 (2.2) | 6122 |
| Quinolones | ||||||||||
| Fluoroquinolones | ||||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 1 (0.04) | 2247 | 1 (0.09) | 1153 | 1 (0.07) | 1405 | 2 (0.15) | 1358 | 5 (0.08) | 6163 |
| Levofloxacin | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 33 | 0 (0.0) | 133 | 0 (0.0) | 174 |
| Lomefloxacin | 1 (1.4) | 71 | 0 (0.0) | 13 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 84 |
| Norfloxacin | 1 (0.27) | 368 | 0 (0.0) | 613 | 0 (0.0) | 589 | 1 (0.19) | 523 | 2 (0.10) | 2093 |
| Trovafloxacin | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 103 | 0 (0.0) | 103 |
| Other quinolones | ||||||||||
| Nalidixic acid | 2 (0.71) | 283 | 7 (1.6) | 438 | 4 (2.0) | 200 | 1 (5.9) | 17 | 14 (1.5) | 938 |
| Ofloxacin | 1 (1.4) | 71 | 0 (0.0) | 13 | 0 (0.0) | 176 | 1 (0.23) | 432 | 2 (0.29) | 692 |
| Tetracyclines | ||||||||||
| Tetracycline | 515 (24) | 2160 | 389 (40) | 984 | 563 (44) | 1273 | 582 (49) | 1199 | 2049 (36) | 5616 |
| Other antibacterials | 71 (22) | 327 | 127 (24) | 533 | 101 (21) | 485 | 115 (23) | 495 | 414 (23) | 1840 |
| Nitrofurantoin | ||||||||||
Note that isolates from Newfoundland and Labrador were only available from 1999 to 2000.
*
Not tested