TABLE 3.
Antimicrobial resistance by year for Shigella (1997 to 2000)
| Class and antimicrobial | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistant, n (%) | Tested, n | Resistant, n (%) | Tested, n | Resistant, n (%) | Tested, n | Resistant, n (%) | Tested, n | Resistant, n (%) | Tested, n | |
| Amphenicols | ||||||||||
| Chloramphenicol | 38 (18) | 211 | 67 (17) | 384 | 94 (27) | 351 | 63 (22) | 281 | 262 (21) | 1227 |
| Aminoglycosides | ||||||||||
| Amikacin | 0 (0.0) | 165 | 1 (0.45) | 223 | 0 (0.0) | 270 | 1 (0.39) | 255 | 2 (0.22) | 913 |
| Gentamicin | 1 (0.38) | 262 | 0 (0.0) | 369 | 3 (0.98) | 305 | 0 (0.0) | 339 | 4 (0.31) | 1275 |
| Netilmicin | –* | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 3 |
| Streptomycin | – | 0 | – | 0 | 1 (50) | 2 | 190 (75) | 252 | 191 (75) | 254 |
| Tobramycin | 0 (0.0) | 223 | 0 (0.0) | 368 | 2 (0.68) | 292 | 3 (1.07) | 280 | 5 (0.43) | 1163 |
| Penicillins | ||||||||||
| Extended-spectrum penicillins | ||||||||||
| Ampicillin | 236 (64) | 370 | 424 (79) | 539 | 243 (59) | 412 | 176 (50) | 351 | 1079 (65) | 1672 |
| Carbenicillin | 70 (69) | 102 | 92 (78) | 118 | 28 (48) | 58 | 27 (46) | 59 | 217 (64) | 337 |
| Mezlocillin | – | 0 | 1 (100) | 1 | – | 0 | 1 (50) | 2 | 2 (67) | 3 |
| Piperacillin | 63 (28) | 222 | 231 (55) | 423 | 112 (32) | 351 | 67 (23) | 292 | 473 (37) | 1288 |
| Ticarcillin | 85 (50) | 170 | 201 (72) | 278 | 191 (58) | 327 | 128 (50) | 257 | 605 (59) | 1032 |
| Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations | ||||||||||
| Amoxicillin/K clavulanate | 79 (58) | 137 | 221 (68) | 324 | 43 (32) | 137 | 39 (39) | 99 | 382 (55) | 697 |
| Ampicillin/sulbactam | 7 (88) | 8 | 1 (100) | 1 | – | 0 | 6 (60) | 10 | 14 (74) | 19 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | – | 0 | – | 0 | 1 (13) | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 116 | 1 (0.8) | 124 |
| Ticarcillin/K clavulanate | 1 (6.7) | 15 | 4 (6.2) | 65 | 2 (3.4) | 59 | 0 (0.0) | 6 | 7 (4.8) | 145 |
| Other beta-lactams | ||||||||||
| Cephalosporins and related substances | ||||||||||
| First generation | ||||||||||
| Cefazolin | 0 (0.0) | 106 | 2 (1.2) | 161 | 1 (4.2) | 24 | 0 (0.0) | 27 | 3 (0.94) | 318 |
| Cephalothin | 76 (26) | 287 | 174 (36) | 483 | 37 (11) | 351 | 34 (10) | 339 | 321 (22) | 1460 |
| Second generation | ||||||||||
| Cefamandole | 7 (54) | 13 | 5 (31) | 16 | 1 (100) | 1 | – | 0 | 13 (43) | 30 |
| Cefotetan | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 3 |
| Cefoxitin | 0 (0.0) | 176 | 0 (0.0) | 369 | 1 (0.35) | 289 | 3 (1.1) | 279 | 4 (0.36) | 1113 |
| Cefuroxime (oral) | 0 (0.0) | 58 | 0 (0.0) | 32 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 92 |
| Cefuroxime (parenteral) | 0 (0.0) | 80 | 1 (0.63) | 160 | 0 (0.0) | 18 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 1 (0.39) | 259 |
| Cefonicid | 7 (6.9) | 102 | 59 (52) | 114 | 4 (11) | 35 | – | 0 | 70 (28) | 251 |
| Loracarbef | 0 (0.0) | 9 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 9 |
| Third generation | ||||||||||
| Cefoperazone | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 3 |
| Cefotaxime | 0 (0.0) | 250 | 0 (0.0) | 354 | 0 (0.0) | 283 | 0 (0.0) | 262 | 0 (0.0) | 1149 |
| Cefpodoxime | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 7 | 0 (0.0) | 27 | 0 (0.0) | 34 |
| Ceftazidime | 0 (0.0) | 225 | 0 (0.0) | 423 | 1 (0.28) | 352 | 0 (0.0) | 292 | 1 (0.08) | 1292 |
| Ceftizoxime | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 3 |
| Ceftriaxone | 0 (0.0) | 140 | 1 (0.31) | 325 | 0 (0.0) | 136 | 0 (0.0) | 99 | 1 (0.14) | 700 |
| Cefixime | 0 (0.0) | 41 | 0 (0.0) | 141 | 0 (0.0) | 51 | 0 (0.0) | 22 | 0 (0.0) | 255 |
| Fourth generation | ||||||||||
| Cefepime | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 0 (0.0) | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 9 |
| Monobactams | ||||||||||
| Aztreonam | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 10 | 0 (0.0) | 11 |
| Carbapenems | ||||||||||
| Imipenem | 0 (0.0) | 70 | 5 (2.4) | 211 | 2 (2.5) | 81 | 0 (0.0) | 40 | 7 (1.7) | 402 |
| Meropenem | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 10 | 0 (0.0) | 10 |
| Sulfonamides and trimethoprim | ||||||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole | 21 (95) | 22 | 14 (93) | 15 | 12 (80) | 15 | 174 (69) | 252 | 221 (73) | 304 |
| Trimethoprim | 8 (89) | 9 | 1 (100) | 1 | – | 0 | 2 (100) | 2 | 11 (92) | 12 |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 255 (69) | 368 | 403 (76) | 527 | 275 (68) | 403 | 211 (62) | 345 | 1144 (70) | 1643 |
| Quinolones | ||||||||||
| Fluoroquinolones | ||||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 2 (0.59) | 341 | 1 (0.19) | 538 | 4 (0.98) | 407 | 1 (0.29) | 350 | 8 (0.49) | 1636 |
| Levofloxacin | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 10 | 0 (0.0) | 10 |
| Lomefloxacin | 0 (0.0) | 9 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 10 |
| Norfloxacin | 0 (0.0) | 143 | 0 (0.0) | 319 | 0 (0.0) | 134 | 0 (0.0) | 88 | 0 (0.0) | 684 |
| Trovafloxacin | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 8 |
| Other quinolones | ||||||||||
| Nalidixic acid | 3 (2.7) | 113 | 3 (2.6) | 114 | 2 (5.7) | 35 | – | 0 | 8 (3.1) | 262 |
| Ofloxacin | 0 (0.0) | 9 | 0 (0.0) | 5 | 0 (0.0) | 12 | 1 (1.7) | 59 | 1 (1.2) | 85 |
| Tetracyclines | ||||||||||
| Tetracycline | 192 (73) | 263 | 233 (55) | 426 | 271 (78) | 346 | 247 (73) | 335 | 943 (69) | 1370 |
| Other antibacterials | ||||||||||
| Nitrofurantoin | 2 (1.5) | 138 | 5 (1.8) | 275 | 3 (3.8) | 79 | 3 (3.5) | 87 | 13 (2.3) | 579 |
*
Not tested