Table 6.
Comparison between Language and Literacy Intervention and Non-Intervention Group (FASD vs. FASD-C) and between LLT and Non-exposed Control Group (LLT vs. NONEXP-C) for Baseline to Post-Intervention Change in Scores on the Phonological Awareness and Early Literacy Test (PAELT).
| LLT vs. FASD - C |
LLT vs. NONEXP - C |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Measure | LLT % (n = 18) |
FASD – C % (n = 18) |
df | t | Significance p |
Effect size d |
NFASD – C % (n = 23) |
df | t | Significance p |
Effect size d |
| 1st soundsa | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 18.06 (30.98) | 5.55 (12.29) | 34 | 1.59 | NS | 0.52 ** | 0.0 (0.0) | 17 | 2.47 | 0.024 | 0.81 *** |
| Last soundsb | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 22.92 (29.78) | 13.19 (31.64) | 34 | 0.949 | NS | 0.31 * | 0.0 (0.0) | 17 | 3.26 | 0.005 | 1.06 *** |
| All sounds c | Mean (SD) | 21.11 (19.22) | 11.66 (14.35) | 34 1.67 | NS | 0.54 ** | 19.35 (13.67) | 39 | 0.34 | NS | 0.13 |
| Blending Syllables | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 29.37 (22.71) | 20.10 (19.22) | 34 | 1.32 | NS | 0.43 * | 10.97 (8.78) | 21 | 3.25 | 0.004 | 1.04 *** |
| Blending Phonemes | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 29.91 (19.89) | 19.66 (23.78) | 34 | 1.40 | NS | 0.46 * | 14.73 (12.26) | 39 | 3.00 | 0.005 | 0.90 *** |
| Manipulating Syllables | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 31.49 (36.00) | 10.18 (18.42) | 25 | 2.23 | 0.034 | 0.73 ** | 6.52 (12.80) | 20 | 2.81 | 0.011 | 0.90 *** |
| Manipulating Phonemes | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 25.61 (22.45) | 14.05 (27.04) | 34 | 1.40 | NS | 0.45 * | 27.18 (13.63) | 39 | 2.61 | NS | 0.08 |
| Letter Sounds | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 21.68 (12.66) | 8.99 (7.24) | 27 | 3.70 | 0.001 | 1.20 *** | 3.10 (10.37) | 39 | 5.17 | 0.000 | 1.57 *** |
| Written Letters | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 14.66 (10.74) | 4.51 (8.56) | 34 | 3.14 | 0.004 | 1.02 *** | 6.22 (6.42) | 39 | 3.13 | 0.003 | 0.93 *** |
| Reading | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 26.53 (22.97) | 5.24 (7.95) | 21 | 3.72 | 0.001 | 1.21 *** | 5.88 (10.88) | 23 | 3.52 | 0.002 | 1.12 *** |
| Reading Non-words | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 29.87 (23.53) | 5.90 (14.93) | 34 | 3.65 | 0.001 | 1.19 *** | 11.13 (15.06) | 39 | 3.01 | 0.004 | 0.93 *** |
| Spelling | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 20.06 (18.45) | 10.76 (13.93) | 34 | 1.70 | NS | 0.55 ** | 13.91 (11.01) | 39 | 1.32 | NS | 0.39 * |
| Spelling Non-Words | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.14 (13.61) | 5.92 (18.84) | 34 | 3.44 | 0.002 | 1.12 *** | 13.61 (16.26) | 39 | 2.56 | 0.014 | 0.78 ** |
Standardized Mean Difference Effect Size d:
*
0.2 = small
**
0.5 =medium
***
0.8 = large
a
First Sounds segmentation
b
Last Sounds Segmentation
c
All Sounds Segmentation
The test scores reflect the percentage change (%) from the baseline assessment to the post-intervention assessment.